We report thermal, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cytotoxicity studies of complexes of fluconazole (FCZ) with Cu (II), Fe(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Mn(II). From XRD measurements, FCZ and its metal complexes were identified as polycrystalline. Marked differences in the X-ray patterns of drug and its metal complexes revealed that the complexes are indeed different compounds and not just the mixture of the starting materials. Unlike pristine FCZ, which did not exhibit cytotoxicity, three complexes derived from Fe(II), Cu(II) and Co (II) proved to be effective in the cytotoxicity assay. The Cu(II)-FCZ exhibited significant activity against SNB-19, HCT-15, COLO-205, and KB-3-1 cell lines, while Fe(II)-FCZ and Co(II)-FCZ were found cytotoxic only to KB-3-1 cell line. For the pure FCZ, thermogravimetry revealed massive weight loss in the temperature range of 215 to 297 ° C, due to the volatilization of FCZ. All the complexes followed multi-stage degradation profiles, eventually resulting in the formation of metal oxides. For pure FCZ, differential scanning calorimetry revealed melting point at 137 ° C, followed by two further endothermic transitions at 294 ° C and 498. 44 ° C representing the volatilization and subsequent degradation of FCZ, respectively. The absence of endothermic FCZ melting peak at around 137 ° C indicates that the complexes represent different compounds. All complexes exhibit endothermic transitions at around 240-300 ° C, representing melting and removal of ligand moiety, followed by another endothermic transition at around 498-499 ° C, representing the ligand decomposition.

Nanocrystalline cobalt ferrite powder has been synthesised by citrate precursor and co-precipitation methods. Structural characterization of the samples has been carried out using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Distribution of cations among the two interstitial sites (tetrahedral and octahedral sites) has been estimated by analysing the powder X-ray diffraction patterns by employing Rietveld refinement technique, and the results reveal the existence of samples as a mixed type spinel with cubic structure. It is observed that the distribution of cations and structural parameters are strongly dependent on synthesis method and annealing temperature. The vibrational modes of the octahedral and tetrahedral metal complex in the sample have been examined using FT-IR in the wave number range of 390 to 750 cm-1, and it shows an absorption band within this range, which confirms the spinel structure of the sample. The existence of constituents in the sample, i.e., Co, Fe and O has been authenticated using energy dispersive spectrum with the help of a FE-SEM.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the mineralogical and Heavy Metals (HMs) present in the granite mining soils in Chimakurthy, India. The mineral exploration of mining soils were identified by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) pattern analysis. However, the morphological features and quantitative HMs were detected by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersed Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The relative concentrations of HMs measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). In this study, the major minerals were identified as Quartz, Albite, Anorthite, K-Feldspars, Hornblende, Muscovite, Annite, Lepidolite, Illite, Clintonite, Enstatite, Ferrosilite, Kaolinite, Kyanite, Augite, and Phologopite. Moreover, the presence of six HMs such as Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn), and their relative concentrations were measured. The concentrations of HMs in three groups of mining soils were in the range of Cr: 149-177 mg/kg (>100), for Co: 128-175 mg/kg (>50), for Ni: 166-204 mg/kg (>50), for Cu: 288-363 mg/kg (>100), for Zn: 433-548 mg/kg (>200) and for Mn: 714-769 mg/kg (<2000) as compared with maximum permissible levels set by standard organizations (WHO/FAO) limits. The results demonstrated that the HMs concentrations in mining soils were exceeded WHO/FAO limits except for Mn. The study is useful for assessment of environmental impact due to excessive deposition of mineral waste and assessment of the quality of investigated granites based on their mineralogical aspect, particularly in the production of granite stones.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique due to its strength for providing visualized atomic model of molecules stands as first in the field of characterization of new synthesized molecules. Here, the analysis of diffraction data on discrete units of new, not yet fairly known structure of molecule 52 60 4 8 2 C H N S Zn is performed to obtain a quantitative view of the structure of the system. Notes regarding the layer shape of the molecule are mentioned. First, a qualitative discussion of the type of intra-molecular order is given. Then, the nano-particle's size definitions, via different approaches of coherence, correlation, etc. are addressed. Each of the different defined values is obtained and difference between them and their interpretation will be discussed. Debye function analysis (DFA) is employed to approximate the radius of gyration, as another approach for estimating particle's size. Results of different defined values, the radius of gyration, approximate coherence length are estimated and decision on the size of molecule is made. These analyses will provide us some neat picture of different definitions of size of nanosystems, which lacks clearance in the literature. PACS: 61. 05. cp; 61. 46.-w; 75. 50. Xx.