Introduction: The Physiological effects of fasting on athletes have been of an interest to some researchers and different results have also been obtained. In some researches, the effects of Weight training and practice in heat on blood factors, fluids and electrolytes were investigated and it was found that the plasma volume was reduced and the concentration of blood and electrolytes were increased. The purpose of this research was to study and compare the effects of Weight training on hematological factors among the students of Physical Education in fasting and non- fasting conditions.Materials and Methods: This study is a semi-experimental research. The population of the study includes male physical education students of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. Having voluntarily completed the initial questionnaire, 15 of the participants were randomly chosen as the statistical sample. Recued tests were taken twice: three days before Ramadan and in the fourth week of Ramadan (before and after the exercise sessions).The training protocol included a session of Weight training (circuit training). The exercise intensity, time of training and temperature were controlled prior to the exercise sessions. Data analysis was done by using one variable analysis of variance (F test at the alpha level of 5%.Results: A) Ramadan fasting had no significant effect on the subjects’ body Weight, fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells. B) Training had significant effect on the subjects’ body Weight, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells, but had no significant effect on their blood sugar. C) Fasting and training have significant interaction effects on the subjects’ Weight, blood sugar, platelets and white blood cells and had no significant effect on the subjects’ hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cells.Conclusion: Training in fasting condition could probably cause some changes in hematological factors due to the reduction of body water, but changes in blood sugar are more obvious.Therefore, to prevent reducing the rate of blood sugar, it is recommended that the intensity of training be less than usual in fasting condition.

Massive movements, especially landslides, are one of the most important natural disasters. Landslides endanger people's lives with environmental degradation, their resources and assets. Existence of factors such as prerequisites for roughness, uncontrolled exploitation of forests, non-observance of technical principles for the construction and maintenance of forest and rural roads, lack of proper management and unconditional exploitation of existing resources have exacerbated it. Landslides cause significant damage financially and morally compared to natural hazards such as volcanoes and floods (GOSTI 2005: 408). The landslide every year causes many deaths and injuries in many parts of the world (Abedini et al., 2013), which necessitates the attention to this dangerous phenomenon. The research area in the area of about 9000 square kilometers of the Azerbaijani desert along the east and west to the north of the Aras and the west of the valley of Diz and its east is Qarshou and in the south of Ahar, and from Kasba to the Dare Dize valley along the northwestern slopes of the southern Karnatagh is.

Background: The timing of maternal Weight change in pregnancy may be an important determinant of birth Weight. The objective of this study was to measure Weight gain patterns from early pregnancy until delivery, and to examine the relationship between prenatal Weight gain and low birth Weight.Methods: A total of 500 pregnant women within 15-20 days of conception, with confirmed pregnancies and belonging to the middle and high socioeconomic families from Mysore city, India participated in the study. They were followed up for the period of one-week after delivery, and their Weight was monitored monthly throughout pregnancy. Results: Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and obesity in 16.2% of pregnant women were less than 18.5% and 11.4% respectively. Mean total pregnancy Weight gain for all women was 8.1±2.9 kg, whereas 85.2% did not meet the international recommendations regarding Weight gain for their BMI. The rate of Weight gain was highest during the second trimester (3.6±1.4 kg) and the total Weight gain was associated with progressively decreasing birth Weight. A significant association was found between mid-upper arm circumference and maternal Weight at term, and birth Weight. Conclusion: According to Institute of Medical Guidelines, low Weight gains of the mother during pregnancy and mid upper arm circumference below 19 cm are associated with increasing risk of low birth Weight.    

The birth Weight is one of the indicators of mother's health during pregnancy and it is the preliminary guarantee for health and growth of neonatal period. In various studies the factors which have influence on birth Weight are Weight gain during pregnancy, body mass index (BMI) of prepregnancy, mother's age and neonatal sex. Attending to importance of birth Weight, noticing to some controllable effective factors are valuable, like mother's Weight gain during pregnancy. Because investigations about effective factors on birth Weight in Iranian mothers were not available, this cohreet study has been done on 206 healthy pregnant which started prenatal care during first trimester. In accordance with statistical analysis and making use of multiple regression test, there was a significant relation between birth Weight and prepregnancy BMI (Pv=0. 00) Weight of the previous neonate (Pv=0.02) and mother's Weight gain during pregnancy (Pv =0.03). Meanwhile the birth Weight was reduced by passive cigarette smoking and female gender of neonate. It seems appropriate suggestions in preconceptional care and performance of suitable measurements in prenatal care that could guarantee suitable birth Weight.      

Body Weight, as determined by several key components, remains relatively stable over time. Unintentional Weight loss, defined as a decrease of more than 5% of usual body Weight during a 6 to 12 month period, is an important predictor of morbidity and mortality. However, Weight loss is a non-specific finding with multiple possible etiologies, that include organic, psychosocial, and idiopathic etiologies. A rational stepwise approach based on relevant data extracted from the history and physical examination, with special attention to psychological and social issues, is highly effective in establishing a diagnosis and determining effective management. Treatment should be based on the results of the tests and each patient’s clinical situation.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with chronic disorders like coronary artery diseases, metabolic syndrome, cancers, and psychiatric disorders. Stress may contribute to Weight gain by disrupting Weight concern, and lead to uncontrolled eating behavior. This study aimed to investigate the effects of stress on Weight concern and control behaviors in normal Weight and obese adults.METHODS: A total of 9544 subjects were selected by multi-stage random sampling from three provinces in central Iran. Information related to Weight concern and control behavior was registered in normal Weight and obese participants. Psychological distress was measured by a 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and subjects were divided into high and low stress groups. Logistic regression was used for analysis.RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 38.7 ± 15.5 years and 50% (4772) of them were males. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for age, sex and education of high stress to low stress level for Weight concern, Weight control behavior and acceptable physical activity behavior was more than 1; but the OR was less than 1 for waist circumference, obesity and healthy diet behavior. Among obese participants, higher levels of stress were associated with lower Weight concern with OR, 95%CI: 0.821, (0.682 – 0.988), lower acceptable physical activity with OR = 0.833, 95%CI: (0.624 – 0.912), but higher rates of healthy diet behavior with OR = 1.360, 95% CI: (1.040 – 1.780).CONCLUSION: Individuals with high stress level have lower Weight concern and lower physical activity; therefore, they are prone to Weight gain and obesity. It could be concluded that stress management should be considered as a crucial component of obesity prevention and control programs.

Anthropometric parameters are an important indicator of health and nutritional status comprising the whole span of mans life. However, they are not of the same degree of simplicity and sensitivity in assessing the public health status. During recent decades many studies have attempted to examine the relationships of these measurements in order to present simple alternatives for similar purposes, resulting in a simple health technology which enjoys inexpensiveness, simplicity, reliability and feasibility.Sizes at birth are a significant indicator for predicting neonatal health and future outcome. Low birth Weight, as a well known risk factor associated with increased morbidity and mortality, has been studied extensively.An attempt is made to evaluate the utility of Mid Arm Circumference (MAC) to detect the Low Birth Weight (LBW) during neonatal period. Measurement of MAC is a simple and valid method of screening for low birth Weight babies. Birth Weight is one of the most sensitive and reliable predictors of the health of any community. Detection of low birth Weight immediately at birth is of  paramount to ensure infants survival.Anthropometric indicators are useful tools for screening women at nutritional risk, monitoring nutritional status and predicting unfavorable outcomes related to pregnancy.Strong correlation between Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) with Weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) suggesting that MUAC can be used to estimate BMI, and detect nutritional disorders.Due to technical difficulties in measuring birth Weight in developing countries, several studies have shown that different anthropometric measurements at birth can predict birth Weight and can be used as valid indicators of low birth Weight.An article appeared in this issue entitled: “Patterns of Weight gain and birth Weight amongst Indian women” attempts to elaborate a reliable association in family health circle. Low Weight gain during pregnancy and MUAC are associated with the increased risk of low birth Weight. MUAC can be used as an indicator and alternative to birth Weight  categories for risk assessment and may serve as a simple health technology which can be comprehended by mothers of various backgrounds easily using a very cheap non stretchable strip. However, due to environmental variations, local reference values are recommended for evaluating risks realistically.    

Birth Weight is an important factor in determining physical and mental growth of infant and is a valuable criterion to judge intrauterine growth. Therefore recognition of influencing factors on low birth Weight and eliminating them are of great importance. This cross sectional study was conducted in 2001 to evaluate the relation between Weight gain during first pregnancy and neonates birth Weight. For this purpose 12 health houses were selected randomly in Kerman district and all files of primiparous women referring during the last 12 years (1989-2001) were chosen for collecting data (n=487). While educational level, profession, Weight at the beginning of pregnancy, Weight gain during the pregnancy and neonates sex had significant relation with neonates birth Weight but, based on stepwise regression analysis Weight at the beginning of pregnancy and mothers education were significant as predictable factors of neonates birth Weight. Concerning the increasing rate of maternal educational level, we hope to have less cases of low birth Weight in near future. The results of this study show the importance of pre-pregnancy Weight as an indicator to assess women at risk of delivering low Weight neonates.