In Order to evaluated resistance to yellow rust in some doubled haploid lines and their parents in the spring hexaploid wheat, fourty doubled haploid lines together with their parents (Ghods, 9106 and 6605), and two cultivars Bolani (Susceptible check) and Triticum spelta var. album (Resistant check) in a randomized block design with three replications were tested in the greenhouse conditions in seedling stage to four races 134E134A+ , 38E2A- , 7E18A- and 230E62A+ of yellow rust. Resistance components measured were latent period (L. P.) and infection type (I. T.). The results showed that, some doubled haploid lines were resistant to the races of yellow rust, e.g. line (GH 91) DH3 was resistant (I. T. = 2) to race 134E134A+ , in spite of the susceptibility of both parents.

Background and Objectives: Yellow rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat that the pathogen populations have many pathotypies in different environmental conditions and during different years. This study was conducted to identify the pathotypes of wheat yellow rust in different environmental conditions and during two successive years.Material and Methods: In spring of 2008 and 2009, 29 isolates of wheat yellow rust leaves were collected from different parts of Iran base on the dispersion and the different environmental conditions. Urediniospores of collected leaves were multiplied on Bolani under greenhouse conditions and then pathotypes, virulence factors and frequency were detected base on inoculated differential sets responses to each isolates.Results: Among 29 collected isolates, 19 pathotypes were identified. In some regions similar pathotypes observed including 6E2A+, 6E6A+, 6E130A+ and 6E150A+. In 2008, the most and the least virulence potency related to isolates Ahvaz2 and Gharakhil that could overcome 12 and 5 resistance genes of the host plant, respectively. In 2009, the most and the least virulence potency related to isolates from BayekolaII, ToroghII, Borojerd and ZarghanII that could overcome 10 and 4 resistance genes of the host plant, respectively. In two years, the majority of isolates with a high frequency percent showed virulence on plant/s with Yr2, Yr2+, Yr7, Yr7+ and YrA genes. No virulence was detected on plant/s with Yr 1, 3, 4, 5, 9+, 10, 15, CV, SP, SU and ND genes.Conclusion: Considering the fact that no virulence was detected for plant/s with Yr1, Yr3, Yr4 and Yr10 genes, these genes can be used in wheat breeding programs in all regions of Iran to control wheat yellow rust.

Yellow rust is one of the major diseases of wheat that suffers a loss many farmers. The purpose of the current study, was determining the wheat proteome response to presence and non-presence of yellow rust disease using Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Relative resistance indices including infection type, severity of disease, contamination coefficient, surface under the disease development curve and apparent contamination rates are indicators that are used to identify the resistance or sensitivity of different cultivars. In this study, firstly these indicators studied for 14 bread wheat cultivars was obtained during three 7-day readings. The studied wheat cultivars were classified into three susceptible, resistant and semi-resistant groups using cluster analysis based on resistance indices. Accordingly, two Pishgam and Shahriar cultivars were identified as the most resistant and sensitive cultivars, respectively. Changes in the pattern of expression of proteins in two resistant (Pishgam) and susceptible (Shahriyar) cultivars by tow dimensional electrophoresis of were investigated. The results of statistical analysis showed that 27 protein spots out of 442 repeated protein spots showed a change in expression. Significant changes in total proteins, 17 spots, increased expression, and 10 spots decreased expression. In general, the results of this study showed that the difference in proteome pattern of two resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars to yellow rust could indicate a change in the expression of the enzymes and proteins involved in resistance, and possibility to resist pathogenic agents.

Background and Objectives: exploration of factors associated with re-infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be helpful in prevention of disease and reduce the burden of tuberculosis on health care system. This study was designed to identify factors associated with re-infection of tuberculosis in patients with sputum smears positive pulmonary tuberculosis in five bordering provinces of Iran.Material and Methods: In this cross sectional study that performed of 2010-2012, different and clinical, socio economical factors were evaluated to identify influencing factors on re-infection. Data were gathered from questionnaires and survey of medical records. Data were analyzed by statistical methods.Results: In 300 studied patients with average age 51.9±24.2 years. 7.2% of patients were diagnosed with re-infection. 64% of patients were in low-income classes, (10.6%) of patients had concomitant renal diseases, 10.2% had diabetes, and 9.8% of patients had liver dysfunction. In multiple analysis, migration from rural to urban areas (P=0.31) and weight loss (P=0.42) were significantly associated with increased risk re-infection.Conclusion: Compared to global reports recurrence rate in our cohort was in a moderate degree. Future studies should be done to identify the influential environmental and socioeconomic factors that affect the M. tuberculosis in re-infection.

The Rise of Political Islam and Islamism in Muslim countries cause a pervasive & contestable controversy among WESTern scholars. Today Islam has been identified with Activism, Radicalism, Fundamentalism, and etc. yet, there are many questions being propounded; such as, what is political Islam? Why Islamic movements acted against interest of the WEST? Why Islamism constructed against the WEST? There is no doubt that the rise of Islamism & Political Islam has produced a major global ideological shift that has manifested basically in more focus on and accommodation of the political legitimacy of the WEST , thus in the WEST focus has been instead on Islamic Threats to interests and lifestyles of the WEST. This article aim at outlining the ideas and processes that have been used to study Islam and to create major WESTern images about Islam. The conclusion suggests a different frameworks for studying Islamic Movements and consequently, refining and correcting WESTern images.

This article, briefly, reviews the view points of Talebov on different aspects of the new European culture and civilization, freedom, democracy, science, teaching and colonialism. Talebov’s view point on the way the Iranians faced WESTern civilization and WESTernization, is also reviewed briefly, to define his role, position and effect on "WESTernizations dialogue "in twentieth century Iran.

The purpose of this work is the identification and classification of heavy rainfall‘ s synoptic patterns with 500Hpa balance in WEST, and south WEST drip area urmia lice during the years1366-1390. After determining the time and place threshold of heavy rainfall, first 46 days of heavy rainfall in the region were extracted, then the elevation data with 500hectopascal balance between 5-65 degrees of north latitude and 15-65 degrees – east longitude in the form of S-mode matrix for days of heavy rainfall were set. Next, we clustering and fulfilled this aim by means of ward methods and finally the compound map of atmosphere‘ s upper and lower balance related to each cluster were prepared and analyzed synoptically. Our results shows that, during the occurrence of heavy rainfall, eat synoptic patterns were mainly dominant. These patterns are of two major groups: the cut-off low and short waves trough. So that, forward ascending movements of these synoptic systems along with polar front jet stream causes a baroclinic unstable atmosphere in the region and conducts low pressure systems from the Mediterranean, red and partly black seas, from the WEST, and south WEST Iran toward WEST, and south WEST drip area urmia lice and is crucial for pressure loss the occurrence of heavyrainfall. Key words: heavy rainfall, synoptic patterns, Component Analysis, Clustering, WEST, 500Hp

Considering different functions of organized atmosphere political, specifically in multi cultural communities (linguistic religious) is regarded as one of the most important subjects in political geography studies. However main functions of the country divisions, is titled as decentralization of governing country and easing of conducting national intention, but existing internal and external threats for each community especially state the elements of national security which are stable and unchangeable goals of government ,as dependent variable from functions of country divisions in form of a question and related hypothesis.Evaluation of hypothesis "lack of relationship between these elements with kind of organizing atmosphere political in WEST and north - WEST of iran" (in spite of evidence with its historical experiences) is based on analyzing the votes' of countries experts Which have the long record of presence and responsibility at that areas that by implementing of descriptive analytic method and different statistical tests. The results of these tests indicate that not only these functions of organized atmosphere political in compare with past have not decreased but also increased with regarded to new environmental and international conditions. so we can say that These elements in different states after the Islamic revolution have had effectiveness from the framework of country divisions. These effects on stability of kordish areas of WEST specifically in south of WEST Azerbayjan and Kurdistan but have the low effects on torkish and kordish areas in Kermanshah and Eelam cities because of more religious correlation.