The aim of this study was to assess the crop WATER STRESS index (CWSI), derived from leaf temperature using infrared thermometer measurements, to investigate the WATER STRESS status and irrigation timing of olive trees. Fpr this purpose a regression function was determined between crop WATER STRESS index and relative WATER content of leaf (RWC) and soil WATER content (SWC). The experimental treatments involved two olive cultivars (Koroneiki and T2) and four WATER regimes (irrigation of 100, 85, 70 and 55% of crop WATER requirement). The results showed that the non-WATER STRESSed baseline is varied throughout the study period as well as during the day. The daily variations of non-WATER STRESSed baseline were mainly due to variations in the intercept of the non-WATER STRESSed baseline that can be explained by variations in zenith solar angle. After investigating the relationship between vapor pressure DEFICIT (VPD) and the difference between crop and air temperature (𝑇 𝑐 − 𝑇 𝑎 ), the equation of Tc-Ta =-0. 45 VPD+1. 06, r2 = 0. 99 was determined for the non-WATER STRESSed baseline of the olive trees at 12: 30 pm. Crop WATER STRESS index of olive trees increased significantly in DEFICIT irrigation regims compared with control trees. crop WATER STRESS index was significantly correlated with relative WATER content (Kroneiki: r2=0. 82**, T2: r2=0. 80**) and soil WATER content (Kroneiki: r2=0. 66**, 𝑇 2: r2=0. 69**). Therefore, the crop WATER STRESS index is a good indicator of the WATER STRESS status of the Koroneiki and T2 olive trees.

In the present study, the effect of swim STRESS on morphine-induced tolerance was investigated in mice using formalin test. In this respect, intraperitoneal administration of different doses of morphine (3, 6, and 9 mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent antinociception in both acute and chronic phases of the formalin test. In addition, an exposure to swim STRESS 2 or 3 times for 3 consecutive days was performed in order to induce tolerance. This exercise decreased morphine-induced antinociception. Meanwhile, morphine administration (25 mg/kg) for 3 days in the presence of swim STRESS (for two to three times) potentiated tolerance induced by morphine in both phases of the formalin test. Administration of a higher dose of morphine (50 mg/kg) for 3 days in the presence of swim STRESS did not alter morphine-induced tolerance in both phases of the test. On the other hand, administration of the latter dose of morphine for 3 days in the absence of swim STRESS decreased morphine-induced antinociception in both phases of the formalin test. It can be concluded that there may be a cross interaction between morphineinduced antinociception and swim STRESS.

Evaluation of crop tolerance to environmental STRESSes during seed germination and seedling emergence is a main measure to choose them for cropping in different circumstances. Since common investigations in field conditions are time consuming and influenced by many companion variables of soil, climate and agricultural practices, So a fast and precise evaluation of crop response to STRESS would be achieved using an experiment in controlled environment conditions. In order to study the seed germination responses of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cultivar speedfeed) and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L. cultivar nutrifeed) to salinity and WATER DEFICIT STRESS, two private experiments were conducted. Factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with two replications was used for both trials. In the first experiment, effect of NaCl derived salinity STRESS levels (0, 4.4, 9.2, 13.2, 17.6, 22, 26.5, 33, 40, 44.2 dS/m) and in the second trial effect of PEG- 6000 derived WATER DEFICIT levels (-0.1, -0.2, -0.3, -0.4, -0.5, -0.6, -0.7, -0.8, -0.9 and –1.0 MPa) on germination indices of sorghum and millet seeds in Petri dishes via between paper method were investigated. Different traits including germination rate, seed vigor, radicle and stem length and dry weights were measured. Results showed that in compare to millet, sorghum seeds were more tolerant to salinity and WATER DEFICIT STRESS, in such a manner germination rate and seed vigor of sorghum was more than millet in the same STRESS intensity. Although sever STRESSes (salinity, till 9.2 dS/m and WATER DEFICIT till -0.4 MPa) had no significant effect on germination rate, but in more intensified STRESS levels, stem and radicle length and dry weights significantly decreased. According to positive and the highest correlation(r =0.98) between germination rate and germination percent, it could be stated that genotypes selection based on high germination percent will caused to fast germination and better seedling establishment. Also positive correlation(r = 0.97) between root dry weight and stem dry weight indicate that more dry matter accumulation in radicles led to more WATER and nutrient uptake from the solution and increased stem growth and dry weight.

In order to study and evaluate the drought STRESS indices in surface irrigation by furrow method on grain yield, the yield components and WATER use efficiency, an experiment was conducted at Behbahan Agricultural Research Station in 2014-16. The experiment was conducted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Irrigation at two levels (irrigation after 100 and 200 mm evaporation from Class A pan, respectively) was evaluated as the main factor and corn cultivar was considered at 6 levels as the sub-factor. Comparison of the mean WATER use efficiency in irrigation and cultivar interactions showed 100 mm evaporation from Class A pan and cultivars V4 (PH1), V5 (PH3) and V2 (SC Mobin) were ranked the first and foremost, respectively, with the yields of 1. 353, 1. 299 and 1. 296 kg of corn per kg of WATER consumed, respectively. The mean WATER consumed in 2014 of the experiment in 100 and 200 mm evaporation from Class A pan was 521. 2 and 462. 4 mm, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient results also showed that with increasing the yield components, such as the number of grains per row and number of rows, the 1000-grain weight was increased due to the highly significant correlation coefficient of 1000-grain weight with grain yield (r = 0. 8776). Consequently, grain yield was also increased. The highest values of SSI, STI, MP, TOL, GMP HM and YI indices were calculated in V4 (PH1). The higher values of the above indices in cultivar V4 (PH1) than other cultivars caused this treatment to be introduced as the superior one. The decreasing trend of corn yield, which was caused by WATER DEFICIT STRESS, increased SSI, STI, MP, TOL, GMP and YI indices, while it decreased corn yield, leading to incremental changes in the YSI indices...

In order to study the physiological aspects of WATER DEFICIT STRESS on important quantitative traits of 14 sugar beet genotypes, a two-year experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replicates at Sugar Beet Seed Institute, Karaj, Iran in 2009-10. Two irrigation levels including S1 (normal irrigation after 80 mm evaporation from the class A pan) and S2 (irrigation after 180 mm evaporation) were applied by changing the irrigation round. Irrigation was performed similarly for both treatments from planting to the establishment (6-8 leaf) stage and thereupon applied based on evaporation from the class A pan. The highest root yield belonged to the genotypes SBSIDR-5, SBSIDR-8 and SBSIDR-14 and the lowest ones to SBSIDR-2, although all genotypes were placed in one group. Furthermore, the effect of year on potassium and sodium was significant. In SBSIDR-5, SBSIDR-1, and SBSIDR-7 genotypes, the Na level was the least while in SBSIDR-4 it was high. Compared with SBSIDR-1, SBSIDR-5, SBSIDR-6, SBSIDR-7, SBSIDR-9 and SBSIDR-10, SBSIDR-4 was placed in different group. In conclusion, genotype SBSIDR-5 was selected as the best pollinator.

Critical growth stage of cotton crop was investigated by artificially imposing WATER STRESS under field conditions. The crop was given WATER DEFICIT STRESS for a period of 30 days at squaring (SS) and first boll split (BS) phases by maintaining the leaf WATER potential (yw) at –2.2+0.2 MPa whereas in control plots yw was maintained at -1.6+0.2 MPa by irrigation scheduling. The average irrigation WATER applied during two years was 2432 m3, 2174 m3, and 2194 m3 in NS, SS, and BS treatments, respectively. The results revealed that the imposed WATER STRESS, at either stage of crop, had adverse effects on cotton crop performance. The main stem height decreased by 12% and 7.4%, inter-nodal length by 9.2% and 4.3% in SS and BS, respectively over NS treatment. The decrease in dry biomass production was 4% and 7% in leaf; 21% and 11% in stalk and 20% and 13% in fruit in SS and BS treatments, respectively. Gas exchange characteristics were also adversely affected by imposed WATER STRESS showing a decrease of 18% and 28% in stomatal conductance, 16% and 22% in transpiration rate and 24% and 30% in net photosynthetic rate in SS and BS treatments, respectively. The decrease in seed cotton yield was 9.5% and 2.8% in SS and BS treatments, respectively. Chlorophyll (SPAD values), electrolyte leakage and cell injury values increased over non STRESSed crop. Lint percentage and fibre strength increased whereas fibre length decreased significantly in BS treatment. It was concluded that the squaring phase is more critical to WATER DEFICIT STRESS in cotton.

Although mint species are very sensitive to WATER DEFICIT STRESS, but their reaction may be different to reduction of WATER in soil during growing season. In order to evaluate response of three Mentha species to WATER DEFICIT STRESS, an experiment was carried out in a factorial-randomized design with five replication in controlled conditions and Mentha longifolia (wildmint), Mentha spicata (spearmint) and Mentha piperita (peppermint) species were subject to four soil moisture regimes (100, 80, 60, 40 of field capacity (FC)). Plants were on 70% of flowering at the harvest time. Characteristics were included percent of survival, number of total branches and stolon, number of leaf, length of total branches, green area and total dry matter. The results showed that soil moisture treatments had significant effect on survival of three mint species, because spearmint’s survival was 100 in 60 FC, while in wildmint and peppermint were decreased to 70 percent. In peppermint number of total branches and stolon were significantly excel as compare as two other species, however in spearmint number of total leaf, green area and total dry matter were more than two other species, whereas length of total branches in wildmint were higher than spearmint and peppermint. Spearmint had the greatest dry matter in 100 percent of FC and reduction of soil moisture to 80 percent of FC caused 35 percent reduction in previously mentioned parameter, while in wildmint and peppermint 62 and 56 percent reduction were observed, respectively. However spearmint was more tolerant than two other species to WATER DEFICIT STRESS, but more study must be achieved for better understanding of mint responses to WATER DEFICIT STRESS.

To study the effect of WATER STRESS on some physiological characteristics, an experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design with two replications under normal and low irrigated conditions using 49 cumin endemic ecotypes collected from different parts of Iran in the crop year 2011-2012 in college of Aburaihan, University of Tehran. Physiological traits including content of proline, soluble sugars, essential oil, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and relative WATER content were measured beside grain yield. The results showed significant effect of drought STRESS on all the traits. Drought STRESS decreased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids content, grain yield and relative WATER content about 40, 32, 52, 19 and 9 percent, respectively. Meanwhile, contents of proline, soluble sugars and essential oils increased about 30, 55 and 56 percent, respectively. According to the results of mean comparisons, ecotypes of Kashmar, Chatrood, Ivanaki, Gonbad, Ardekan, Sivand, Qaen and Baneh had the high amount of carotenoids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, relative WATER content, soluble sugars, proline, essential oil content and grain yield, respectively. In general, cumin as a moderately tolerant plant to WATER DEFICIT exploit different physiological mechanisms to cope with STRESS and breeding strategies focusing on physiological aspects can be applied to improve high yield cultivars tolerant to drought STRESS.

In germination stage, decreasing wheat seedling growth as affected by drought STRESS is a common phenomenon. Seedling growth can be defined as a product of three components: (1) Initial seed dry weight, (2) Fraction of seed reserves mobilized, and (3) Conversion efficiency of mobilized reserves to seedling tissue. The objective of this study was the determination of sensitive seedling growth component in response to drought STRESS. To do this, two factorial experiments with two wheat cultivars (Tajan and Baconara) and various osmotic pressures induced by PEG (0 to1.8 MPa) were carried out. In experiment II, seeds were moistened for 24 h before transferring to osmotic solutions. In both experiments seedling growth (dry weight), seed reserve mobilization ratio and conversion efficiency of mobilized reserves were measured. Results showed that in both experiments seedling growth and seed reserve mobilization ratio are linearly (more or less) decreased with increasing osmotic pressure. However, PEG induced drought STRESS had no effect on conversion efficiency. Pre-moistened treatment had no effect on response of seedling growth, seed reserve mobilization ratio or conversion efficiency to induced drought STRESS. But across osmotic pressures higher seedling growth (5.5 mg seedling-1) and seed reserve depletion ratio (0.35 mg mg-1) and lower conversion efficiency (0.1 mg mg-1) were observed. It was concluded that decrease in seedling growth of wheat under drought STRESS is a result of decrease in mobilization of seed reserves (i.e. metabolic processes relating to production and activation of Gibberlin and hydrolytic enzymes).

This study was set up to evaluate the effects of drought STRESS on the growth and development of siliques, oil percentage and yield of the spring rapeseed in agricultural and natural resources research center of East-Azerbaijan during 1386. This experiment was conducted in factorial design as a base of randomized completed block design with three replications. In genotype factor including two hybrid oil rapeseed genotypes (RGS300 and Hayola401), were irrigation factor including four levels as STRESS (non STRESS and WATER STRESS during stem elongation, flowering and the grain filling stages of oilseed rape) The results showed that the WATER DEFICIT STRESS, in all stages impacted the growth of the silique, the area of silique, oil percentage and yield of seed. WATER DEFICIT STRESS decreased seed yield by decreasing of Pod Growth Rate (PGR) and the area of silique. The most drought effect of seed yield decrease was related, to flowering and the grain filling stages. There was a significant difference in genotypes about oil percentage and seed yield. The results indicated that the seed yield of Hayola 401 with a mean of 1622 kg/hec was greater than RGS 300 with a mean of 1388 kg/hec .