Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors have been widely used for TREATMENT of industrial WASTEWATER. In this study, performance of a lab-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, treating a chemical synthesis-based pharmaceutical WASTEWATER, was evaluated under different operating conditions. A (P.E) pipe with a diameter of 250 mm and total height of 120 cm and effective height of 100 cm with approximate volume of 49 liter was used as a reactor. The loading rates on reactor were increased in steps to assess the maximum loading capacity of the reactor to study the performance of reactor at different loading rates. The COD concentrations used in the present investigation ranges between 1850 mg/L to 15170 mg/L. The performance of the reactor up to 10.81 kg COD/m3.d was evaluated and the hydraulic retention times were examined. During this study, which lasted for 120 days, the temperature of the WASTEWATER entering the reactor ranged from 30 to 35°C and no heat exchanger was used. Finally the removal ratio of COD with hydraulic retention time of 33.7 hours and organic loading rate of 10.81 kg COD/m3.day were 54 percent respectively.

Among the conventional methods for TREATMENT of colored textile waste, the electrochemical technique seems to be the most powerful, simple and economic. In this method a direct current is applied to an electrochemica cell containing coloted waste and due to the passage of current oxidation and reduction reactions is caused the destruction of the dyestuff and removal of the color from the solution.                                                                                                                    In present research dyebath solution containing direct, dispers, acidic, reactive dyes and mixture of those were treated and %90 of color removal and %60 reduction on COD of the solution sere achieved. The parameters such as time, current, voltage, type and surface area of the electrode, pH, electrolyte on the pert of the cell were examined and their role on  the efficiency of the method were clarified.                                       The spectroscopic studies showed that the dye material was reduced to simple components.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare higher-order aberrations between personalized TREATMENT (PT) versus personalized TREATMENT advanced (PTA) photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia and myopic astigmatism.Methods: In this clinical trial, 80 eyes of 40 patients who met inclusion criteria were enrolled. They underwent PRK using PT or PTA algorithm randomly. Higher-order aberrations were measured and compared between the study groups pre-operatively and at months 3 and 6 postoperatively.Results: The two study groups were comparable in terms of preoperative higher-order aberrations.Compared to the preoperative values, higher-order aberrations were significantly increased in the PT group (p<0.001), but decreased in the PTA group (p<0.001). Spherical aberration exhibited a significant increase postoperatively in the PT group (p<0.001) but remained unchanged in the PTA group (P=0.57).Conclusion: PRK using PT algorithm resulted in an increase higher-order aberrations. PTA algorithm provided better results in terms of postoperative higher-order aberrations and could treat pre-existing higher-order aberrations.

Background and Objective: Consumption of dissolved oxygen by organic substances in water resources result in undesirable environment for living organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of natural WASTEWATER TREATMENT systems and activated sludge for municipal WASTEWATER TREATMENT. Methods: This one year-cross-sectional study was conducted on WASTEWATER TREATMENT plants in Kermanshah province. During the study, sampling of raw sewage and effluent of TREATMENT plant was carried out and the efficiency of TREATMENT plant was evaluated by measuring TSS, BOD5 and COD. All the sampling and testing procedures were adopted from the standard method. Findings: The results showed that the annual average of BOD5 in effluent for Wetland, stabilization pond, extended aeration and conventional activated sludge was 55, 25, 21 and 23 mg/l respectively. Also the annual average was 143, 43, 40 and 40 mg/lfor COD, and 47, 101, 40 and 33 mg/l for TSS, respectively. For COD removal the conventional activated sludge (86. 97%) and Wetland (61. 6%) were the most efficient and least efficient systems. For BOD5 removal the stabilization pond (85. 18%) and Wetland (72. 01%) were the most efficient and least efficient systems. The BOD5 / COD ratio in influent were respectively 0. 56, 0. 62, 0. 59 and 0. 55 in these systems. Discussion and Conclusion: In all of the mentioned WASTEWATER TREATMENT systems, the effluent parameters comply with the Iran environmental protection agency standards and it can be reused or discharged to water bodies. Also it can be concluded that, for above-mentioned parameters the removal efficiency of natural systems was more than activated sludge.

Distilleries WASTEWATER is an important environmental problem due to its high BOD and COD content, and toxic materials such as phenolic compounds, and low pH. Direct and continuous discharge of this effluent to the soil reduces the quality of soil and destroys agricultural crops. In addition, its discharge to rivers and sea will seriously affect aquatic life. In order to prevent environmental hazards, a number of biological, chemical and physical methods have been introduced for TREATMENT of this WASTEWATER. Chemical and physical methods are based on surface sorption, ion exchange, membrane processes and chemical oxidations. In biological methods, anaerobic processes are more economical than aerobic processes and are more developed more in recent years. Anaerobic lagoons reduce 60-70% of BOD with 1-2 months retention time. Most of anaerobic bioreactor methods are able to reduce WASTEWATER BOD by 80-85% and the remaining 15-20% of BOD can be reduced by aerobic processes. Evaporation of WASTEWATER for production of feedstocks and incineration of WASTEWATER for recovery of potassium are other methods of distillery WASTEWATER TREATMENT used in smaller volumes. These methods can be economic (if technological and production difficulties are not considered) by selling of by-products formed. Distillery WASTEWATER is also used for production of single cell protein, in which selling the by-products can reduce the cost of WASTEWATER TREATMENT.