Background: VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY (VDD) and iron DEFICIENCY anemia (IDA) are the most common nutritional deficiencies among infants, children, and women around the world. The purpose of this article was to provide an overview of observational and clinical trial studies have been conducted on the effects of DEFICIENCY and improvement of VITAMIN D and iron.Materials and methods: We reviewed various types of articles which were indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct and published from January 2010 to December 2014.The keywords used in this study were: VITAMIN D, VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY iron DEFICIENCY anemia, and Micronutrients.Results: The amount of IDA indices depends on the type of material fortified with VITAMIN D, duration of the intervention, and the amount of increased calcitriol. Lack of VITAMIN D, increases the risk of iron DEFICIENCY and vice versa. Age, gender, and menopausal status are effective factors affecting this relationship.Conclusion: Given the importance of the role of iron in the production of calcitriol, VDD may occur in patients with IDA. On the other hand, VDD through gene expression of hepcid results in reduces iron bioavailability and thus increase the risk of IDA.

VITAMIN D is one of the essential metabolic and physiological processes in the human body. Generally all people need 200-600 IU daily (Koutkia, Chen & Holick 2001). Production of VITAMIN D in the skin depends on some factors such as age, skin pigmentation and the amount of ultraviolet B (UVB)) available. The amount of UVB radiation is affected by geographic location, season, time and level of atmospheric pollution. The highest amount of VITAMIN D is provided to sunlight exposure (Gartner & Greer 2003) as well as obtaining from oily fish, fortified foods and supplement. The recommended VITAMIN D receiving depends on age, gender and DEFICIENCY treatment (Dobnig et al 2008).

Background: Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. The number of people with cardiovascular disease is increasing. This review article discusses the role of VITAMIN D and VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY complications in cardiovascular system.Methods: This review article was conducted by searching out electronic databases as Google scholar, Elsevier, PupMed, PMC, and Springer to find articles published between 2007 and 2015. The keywords searched out were: “Cardiovascular disease AND Vit D”, “Vit D AND Hypertension”, “Vit D AND Heart”, “Vit D AND Atherosclerosis”, and “Vit D DEFICIENCY”.Findings: The response of VITAMIN D receptors in all tissues including cardiovascular system (in presence of sufficient amount of VITAMIN D) can prevent from uncontrolled growth and proliferation of cells in cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle of vessels wall. This is done by specific gene control through 1/25 DihydroxyVITAMIN D (active form of VITAMIN D). These genes control proliferation and differentiation of cells resulting in prevention of cardiovascular tissue hypertrophy and vessel thickness. Studies revealed that VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY can cause inadvertent complications in cardiovascular system but it isn’t completely clear that administration of VITAMIN D can be beneficial in treatment of cardiovascular disease.Conclusion: It is essential that adequate levels of VITAMIN D is provided and replaced in the body before complications happen.

Background: Chronic urticarial is one of the most common skin diseases, characterized by as a chronic cutaneous condition which severely debilitates patients in several aspects of their everyday life. CU patients suffer from physical, social, and psychological morbidities resulting in a low quality of life. VITAMIN D is known to exert several actions in the immune system and to influence function and differentiation of mast cells, central role players in the pathogenesis of chronic idiopathic urticarial. Recently, an increasing body of literature showed paradoxical relationships between VITAMIN D and allergic diseases like food allergy, rhinosinusitis, recurrent wheeze, asthma, atopic dermatitis and eczema. This study was performed to evaluate the relationship between VITAMIN D levels and susceptibility to chronic idiopathic urticarial.Methods: One hundred and fourteen patients with chronic idiopathic rticarial were recruited in this study along with one hundred and eighty seven sex-matched and age-matched healthy volunteers as the control group. For each patient, urticarial activity score was calculated and autologous serum skin test was done. VITAMIN D metabolic statue was measured as 25 hydroxyVITAMIN D using enzyme immunoassay method.Findings: Patients with chronic idiopathic urticarial significantly had lower levels of VITAMIN D (p<0.01). VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY was significantly associated with increased susceptibility to chronic idiopathic urticarial (p<0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between VITAMIN D levels and urticarial activity score (r=0.2, p<0.05).Conclusion: This study showed patients with chronic idiopathic rticarial had reduced levels of VITAMIN D, while VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY could increase susceptibility to chronic idiopathic urticarial.