In this project, Bio-based carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received considerable research attention due to their comparative advantages of high level stability, simplistic use, low toxicity and overall environmental friendliness. New potentials for improvement in heat transfer applications are presented due to their high aspect ratio, high thermal conductivity and special surface area. Phonons have been identified as being responsible for thermal conductivities in carbon nanotubes. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of heat conduction in CNTs involves investigating the difference between the varieties of phonon modes and knowing the kinds of phonon modes that play the dominant role. In this review, a reference to a different number of studies is made and in addition, the role of phonon relaxation rate mainly controlled by boundary scattering and three-phonon Umklapp scattering process was investigated. Results show that the phonon modes are sensitive to a number of nanotube conditions such as: diameter, length, temperature, defects and axial strain. At a low temperature (<100K) the thermal conductivity increases with increasing temperature. A small nanotube size causes phonon quantization which is evident in the thermal conductivity at low temperatures.

We report details of calculation of the lattice thermal conductivity in wurtzite GaN in the wide temperature range of 5-300 K. Our analysis shows that on the basis of the Debye specific heat model, this material has a characteristic temperature of 616 K. This quantity affects the probability of phonon-phonon Umklapp (u) scattering process at temperatures above 150 K. At lower temperatures, dislocations and ionised impurities becoming the dominant mechanisms for phonons scattering, respectively. Although the peak conductivity (kmax) in a sample reported by Jezowski et al [9] has the highest reported value (17 W.cm-1K-1), it is expected that by reduction both in the density of dislocations and ionised impurities by an amount of one order of magnitude this peak value will be increased by a factor of 10.

Background: One of the most important risks in hazardous material handling is transportation accidents that have destroyed effects on environment and safety of the road. Using risk management method could control accident causing factor.Methods: All factors that affect the environmental risks of oil products transportation was specified from storage to end of the path and weighted by analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model. The final model was then attained using the acquired model on the basis of failure mode and effect analysis (FEMA) and the handling path was evaluated.Findings: The risk value for oil handling tankers at various areas except of two areas that located outside or within the town or with lower control of police is accessible. The reason for risk incensement in these two areas is due to existence of agriculture, residential hoses and high slope path.Conclusion: Transmission of oil storages inside and outside town and precise control of the driver ability by police is essential in reduction of environmental pollution risk of handling the oil products.

herbert Packer, a Stanford University law professor, constructed two models, the Due process Model and the Crime Control Model. The first model operates like conveyor belt which is going to present a convenient way to confronts Defendants.Rather, the justice criminal system which is compatible with the Crime Control Model instead of striking a balance between the rights of the accused and the society has mind to arrest, convict and punish the defendants. But in the second model, the functionalists of the criminal justice system should mind to provide the reasonable search of the defendants and consider the rights of defendants. The Crime Control Model highlights with four categories in the criminal process. According to the paper findings, the Crime Control Model in the criminal process in the presumption of guilt demands guilt, the repression of crimes is in the accusation stage and the right of the accused silent is not accepted and at last in the procedure level, the criminal dispositions should have a premium on speed and finality.

Introduction: One of the most important threats for employees working in chemical industries is exposing to the chemical materials. Lack of precaution and control regulations during working with chemicals can have irreparable consequences. So, in order to achieve an effective control program, it is necessary to have an appropriate assessment of the procedures involving exposure to the chemicals. William-fine method can provide an acceptable insight into hazard risk rate.Material and Method: In this study, a combination of AHP and William-fine adopted to achieve a model for chemicals exposure risk assessment in oil and gas industry. The numbers were extracted from questionnaire, and then, they weighted entered to assessment the model. Finally, they were presented quantitatively with protection layer.Result and Conclusion: The results revealed that the quantitative amount of consequence, probability and exposure was 83.2, 8.45, and 2.2, respectively. Generally, the chemical exposure risk number was 1546 which shows that reforming plans are in highly priorities from an economical point of view. William-fine method has the benefit of an accurate chemical exposure by combination of effect severity, exposure probability and detriment rate, and also minimization of personal judgments during the assessment.

process tolerancing based on the process capability studies is the optimistic and pragmatic approach of determining the manufacturing process tolerances. On adopting the define-measure-analyze-improve-control approach, the process potential capability index (Cp) and the process performance capability index (Cpk) values of identified process characteristics of connecting rod machining process are achieved to be greater than the industry benchmark of 1.33, i.e., four sigma level. The tolerance chain diagram methodology is applied to the connecting rod in order to verify the manufacturing process tolerances at various operations of the connecting rod manufacturing process. This paper bridges the gap between the existing dimensional tolerances obtained via tolerance charting and process capability studies of the connecting rod component. Finally, the process tolerancing comparison has been done by adopting a tolerance capability expert software.

Ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with suspended particulate matter in the ambient air were collected at two sampling sites: urban and suburban residential areas of Yokohama, Japan from 1999 to 2005. The concentrations of target compounds were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The total concentrations were higher in urban residential area than suburban residential area. They ranged from 0.31 to 6.16 ng/m3 with a mean of 2.07 ng/m3 and 0.33 to 2.87 ng/m3 with a mean of 1.02 ng/m3 in the urban and suburban residential areas, respectively. The predominant compounds determined both in the urban and suburban residential areas were benzo [b] fluoranthene, benzo [ghi] perylene, indeno [1, 2, 3-cd] pyrene and benzo [e] pyrene. The concentrations of 5- and 6-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were higher in the urban than the suburban residential area, accounting for 77.3 % and 72.1% of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively. Source identification was performed by principal component analysis. Two principal components were identified for each study area and these accounted for 95.9% and 83.3% of total variance, respectively. The results revealed that stationary source and vehicle emissions were the major pollution sources in the studied areas. The impact of emission regulations for automobiles in large Japanese cities, which were enacted during 2002 and 2003, was also studied. Based on the average total concentration, emission reduction was 47.8% and 18.6% in urban residential and suburban residential areas, respectively.

In most simulations conducted by researchers in the turning process, damping of system is considered from modal analysis. Indeed, in these studies the contact of the tool with the workpiece is not taken into account that can be reduced the accuracy of the simulation. In this paper, the process damping of the turning process is defined by using time series analysis. The recommended method is based on comparison with the correlation dimension of the simulation to experiment of displacement signal in the feed direction. Therefore, the variation of process damping based on variations feed and spindle speed is calculated. The results simulation of displacement of tool in feed direction in MATLAB software against displacement of tool in experiments, indicate significant accuracy of the proposed method in determinig displacement the tool in the turning process. The results of suggested approach can be used for predicting surface roughness of the manufactured workpiece by using turning process.