peripheral, the arena of processes resulting from social-spatial structures and shows the impact of urbanization on rural life and the Urban peripheral. The present study has focused on the status of the densely populated areas in the Repopulation of the Urmia basin area and finally highlighted the role of the city and environs on the instability of Lake Urmia. This research is a descriptive-analytical on from the point of view of purpose, and in terms of the nature is methodical and its spatial analysis was performed using the population data (urban and rural) of 2016 year of the Iranian Statistical Center. According to the results of this analysis, 83% of the total population of the Urmia basin and more than 40% of the rural population are located within 5 km of the cities. This trend reflects the formation of urban clusters and the wide range of impacts of urban processes on rural life and texture. Since the expressed population centers are based on extensions of the human support ecology (alluvial plains), through the increasing use of water resources, they have played a major role in the instability of Lake Urmia's aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, besides considering natural processes, it is necessary to highlight urban and peripheral processes in the ecological sustainability of Lake Urmia basin.

Electronic cities result from the implication of information and communication technology (ICT) in the contemporary era. Significant ICT development and internet network expansion as well as the need of urban management to new ideas in managing cities lead us toward a new strategy called "electronic cities". The current study aims at investigating the Electronic Cities' Strategic Planning Case Study: UREMIA, Iran. The research method is documentary and survey research population consists of mangers and specialists working in UREMIA's urban planning and ICT, obtained from Morgan table. To collect data, Likert spectrum is employed. Findings indicate that the most important challenges in the way of establishing an electronic city include the lack of strategic document for urban development, high number of decision-making centers and administrative extra parallel works among them, the inclination of the urban managers toward traditional methods, low-speed, high-cost internet connection, the lack of infrastructures for ICT, the lack of digital literacy among citizens and so on. With respect to ANOVA results, findings indicate that some of the sub elements play a key role in the establishment of electronic cities. Concerning the inequality of the role of factors effective on the establishment of electronic cities, each factor's sub elements has been ranked through multi-criteria decision making techniques and TOPSIS model. According to the findings, some strategies have been recommended, which need the serious care of urban managers and planners in the metropolitan UREMIA.

Drought is one of the natural phenomena which occur in all regions. Despite its harmful effects on agriculture, natural resources, water resources, environment and..., its different aspects was not well known yet. A study was carried out to inspect the drought phenomenon and its trend in UREMIA region.Monthly precipitation data of UREMIA synoptic station for a 40 years period were obtained. 22 periods including monthly, seasonal and yearly periods have been considered for the occurrence of drought.The results showed that wet and dry condition, happened with different intensities and some normal conditions were taking place too. With the longer periods, lower occurrences of severe droughts were found. In contrast by using shorter study periods, higher ranges of coefficient of variations were obtained. The highest range of coefficient of variations was obtained in July and August. Moreover, the coefficient of variations of drought index was lower in annual period than that of others. There was also a sever drought or wet year observed in every 11years (between 10-12 years) in the regions.

Acetaminophen, a well-known antipyretic and analgesic substitue for salicylate has been increasingly used in recent years. However, the potential for hepatotoxicity and renal failure accompanying its chronic and excessive use or its overdose in suicidal attempt necessitates a reliable, interference-free procedure for determination of acetaminophen in serum.Various spectrophotometric methods have been established for acetaminophen determination.Two of the common methods are Chafetz & Walberg and Indophenol. For evaluation of the two methods, different concentrations of acetaminophen, ranging between 20 and 200 mg/L were put in the presence or absence of urea and creatinine and in addition, in normal and uremic sera. The average retrieval of acetaminophen was 79% for sample without urea and creatinine and 86% for sample containing urea and creatinine. The difference between two retrievals was7% that indicates the interference of the materials used in the Chafetz & Walberg method. This difference was significant statistically (p=0.005, t=3.24).The retrieval of acetaminophen in normal and uremic sera by this method were 72% and 86% respectively. Also, in this case the present difference (14%) was highly significant (p=0.0001, t=5.67), which indicates the interference of urea and creatinine and phenolic substances. The rate of acetaminophen retrieval in the presence of mentioned compounds and in normal and uremic sera was about 89% which is not significant. Thus, urea, creatinine and UREMIA have no effects on acetaminophen determination by Indophenol method. Analysis of variation coefficient of the two methods in 40mg/L and 100mg/L of acetaminophen showed that taken together, Indophenol method is more appropriate than the Chafetz & Walberg method for acetaminophen determination.

Introduction. Recent studies suggest gender differences and susceptibilities to some disease states. This results in different responses to injury in many organs including brain, heart, and kidney. However, the effects of gender on the changes during acute UREMIA are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of UREMIA on liver oxidative stress status and production of inflammatory cytokines in both genders. Methods. Bilateral nephrectomy was performed on male and female Wistar rats. They were sacrificed four hours later and serum and liver tissues were collected. Liver function tests and tissue injury indices were measured in all rats.Results. UREMIA caused liver oxidative stress in male rats determined by increase in MDA (malondialdehyde) levels and decrease in GSH (reduced glutathione) contents. Increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine concentration was seen in male rats while the anti-inflammatory cytokine level was more elevated in females. Conclusion. UREMIA has a different effect on male and female rats and this may be related to a reduction of oxidative stress indices and inflammatory agents.

Although the Urmia Lake is the largest domestic lake in Iran, the second largest saline lake in the world, and the world's 20th largest lake, and is weather-balanced for the region's climate, it has been declining in recent decades. There are several reasons to become dry this lake. In this paper, due to the complexity of the problem, system dynamics is used as a suitable methodology for modeling the reasons for drying Urmia Lake. According to Sterman's methodology, the boundary of the problem was first studied. Key variables and their historical behavior were studied at this stage. Then, the dynamic hypothesis of the problem was formulated by using the subsystem diagram, circular causal graphs, and accumulation flow map. After simulating and testing the model, some of the possible ways were evaluated that lake can be recovery. Based on the results of this study, it seems that two main factors in decrease lake water are reducing the input of surface waters to the lake and damping. Therefore, supplying the Lake right of water and limiting the construction of dams can be two ways to stop the process of drying Urmia Lake. However, the dynamics within the problem, they can apply any solution with many complications and side effects.