The assessment of ENVIRONMENTal effects generated by URBAN areas (with various activities as agriculture, industry, human activities) on groundwater QUALITY became essential for the use and conservation of the water resources. The main objective was to apply a water QUALITY index to the groundwater sources using the specific methodology, establishing the suitability for drinking for groundwater. Water resources were monitored in October 2011, the samples were collected from 22 points for groundwater, and more parameters were analyzed: pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, oxygen regime, hardness, alkalinity, nutrients regime (nitrates, ammonium, phosphates) which were considered important and utilized for water QUALITY index computation that reveal poor QUALITY for groundwater. The oxidability should be included in computation formula and the final results used for water management, taking into consideration the limits of the current model. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to indicate the influence of URBAN area on the QUALITY of groundwater resources. Results of the analysis highlight an influence of geology and a contamination of agricultural origin.

This research modeling of the URBAN ENVIRONMENTal QUALITY (UEQ) of districts of 3, 6 and 11 of Tehran using an integrated Geographic Information System and remote sensing approach. The identified indicators in this study contain both natural and artificial aspects in order to model the QUALITY of URBAN ENVIRONMENTs. The current study aims to develop a method for spatiotemporal modelling of UEQ. For this purpose fuzzy logic method is used. The results show the existence of a fairly regular pattern as an increase in desirability of UEQ from south to north of the area. The seasonal changes of UEQ show the improvement of ENVIRONMENTal condition in spring and summer compared to autumn and winter. Introduction Fast growth of the URBAN population and increasing demands for high living standards, have intensified the pressure on natural resources and made it more difficult to answer every need. Regardless to the fact of the ENVIRONMENTal capacity, population and economy would effect on the fundamental functions of the ENVIRONMENT. So, analysis of the ENVIRONMENTal QUALITY can help us to understand the exact need for natural resources in any URBAN areas along with considering its economy and social development scale. The QUALITY of URBAN ENVIRONMENT is recognized as an indicator for assessing and measuring the degree of suitability in URBAN settlements. It is also a rate for meeting the needs of individuals and society which can be affected by several factors such as air, noise and etc. All these factors would vary by any changes in time and space. Previous studies have mainly focused on spatial changes, but in this paper we decided to consider seasonal changes in addition to spatial ones. Also, we tried to use more complete set of indicators. So, the main purpose of this study is modeling the QUALITY of URBAN ENVIRONMENT based on a set of spatio-temporal factors. Methodology We used satellite imagery and some geospatial data such as NDVI index maps, land surface temperature, Land Surface moisture, Land Surface Albedo, Solar radiation, air pollution, URBAN Heat Island, Building height, population density, Enhanced Built-Up and Bareness Index and also noise pollution. Landsat 8 (OLI) is used to calculate NDVI indices, land surface temperature, land surface moisture, Land Surface Albedo, URBAN Heat Island, and Enhanced Built-Up and Bareness Index. A digital elevation model (DEM) used to extract solar radiation. Finally, we used based location field data to enhance Air pollution, Building height, population density and noise pollution. Because of the uncertain nature of QUALITY measurements, we used Fuzzy logical approach to model the QUALITY of URBAN ENVIRONMENTs. One of the most important fuzzy operators for overlapping indices is the GAMMA. Gamma operator is the general mode of multiplication and addition. In other words, the gamma fuzzy function is the product of the algebraic multiplication of two functions of collect and multiply fuzzy. This function is the result of the compatibility between the incremental effect of the fuzzy sum function and the decreasing effect of the fuzzy multiplication function. Therefore, districts of 3, 6 and 11 of Tehran municipality have been selected to be measured for the QUALITY of URBAN ENVIRONMENT in Tehran along with northern-southern line. Results and discussion The results show a northern-southern trend in the QUALITY of URBAN ENVIRONMENT which is reducing from north to south. The ENVIRONMENTal QUALITY conditions of the three defined URBAN areas are categorized into five classes, moderate, ‘ very good’ , ‘ good’ , ‘ very low’ and ‘ low’ . As the results show, region number three has a better ENVIRONMENTal condition than the regions of six and eleven. We can also realize that the most of the selected indicators have shown seasonal changes within a year in our study area. This is due to the existance of more parks and less air pollution in the northern regions. Also, time intervals show a better QUALITY situation in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. To investigate seasonal changes, the total area of each class was compared in a different season and the URBAN ENVIRONMENTal qualities were devised into five categories: very good, good, medium, low and very low. In the spring, a large partial of the region has a modest and good QUALITY, and a small part of it has a very good situation. In the summer, most of the area has a middle class situation and a small part with a very low level, which indicates the region's good status on this season. In the fall, we have maximum of the area with the lowest QUALITY and the minimum of it with a very good level that indicates the worst condition for the URBAN ENVIRONMENTal QUALITY. In the winter, the situation is a little better. most parts of the area are in middle levels and small parts of it is in the lowest class. therefore, the QUALITY of URBAN ENVIRONMENTs changes dramatically within a year. At the next step, we studied the Pearson correlation coefficient of indicators and the results showed that the greenness is the most effective indicator of QUALITY in URBAN ENVIRONMENTs. One-At-A-Time (OAT) Sensitivity Analysis were used to analyze the sensitivity of the model. Results show that the effect of 30% increasement on all inputs is between 2% and 17%. By considering the fact that all the changes in model outcome is less than the total percentage of input change (30% increase) for all the variables, it can be concluded that the results of the gamma fuzzy model are reliable and not affected by one or more specific variables. Conclusion According to an extensive review of the literature, this study selects a wide range of factors in both natural and artificial ENVIRONMENTs to assess the URBAN ENVIRONMENTal QUALITY (UEQ) of Tehran. It is hoped that this study provides a useful basis for a more researches in the field of UEQ, combining both natural and built-up parts of URBAN zones. Further work will focus on validation and verification of the UEQ indices.

URBAN landscape structural analysis; focused on the remnant patch mosaic network as the component with closest interdependency with air and water related processes was undertaken to find and propose ENVIRONMENTal planning suggestions. Assessments demonstrate that remnant patch mosaic network structure of Tehran is still restorable. With appropriate corrective measures based on the natural lay out of river valley corridor network it could function as a refuge network to improve URBAN ENVIRONMENTal QUALITY through compensation of the insufficient natural matrix connectivity. In terms of cost effectiveness landscape structural restoration in the north of Tehran has priority due to the presence of river valleys in a heterogeneous mosaic of large grain green patches and the added value of down stream positive impacts. Extension of URBAN forestry in the south with an added value of increased sink capacity for assimilation of accumulated polluted waste water and air pollution may be the next priority regarding remnant open and green patch mosaic restoration. Restoration is harder to achieve in the central parts of Tehran with small grain homogeneous mosaic. The “Refuge network” based on natural layout of river valleys along with core open patches of hills may be the conceptual framework to integrate various corrective measures. The “Aggregate with outlier” model can provide the spatial design framework necessary for the implementation of such an integrated comprehensive remnant patch network restoration plan aimed at improving URBAN ENVIRONMENTal QUALITY.

Human impact on the ENVIRONMENT are increasingly of URBAN life arises that this is due to human population growth is partly a result of technological progress. Cities as the center of attraction of population with multiple and various ENVIRONMENTal problems such as air pollution, noise, waste, and water pollution this leads to increasing pressure on the ENVIRONMENT and therefore the incidence of ENVIRONMENTal pollution. The study aimed to measure and evaluating the QUALITY of the URBAN residential ENVIRONMENT with cross-sectional approach in URBAN settlements Ardabil province. To achieve the goal of is evaluated 5 ENVIRONMENTal factors (ENVIRONMENT, energy, ENVIRONMENT, social, cultural, recreational and employment) in the form 30 Index. Rate the importance of each of the variables were determined using the Shannon entropy. Models used to analyze the data is Visual PROMETHEE PROMETHEE and GAIA software. The results show that URBAN settlements Kosar city with a score of 2, 674 / 0 has favorable conditions, Bilesuar, Namin, Sareyn, as well as the privileges 1281/0, 1147/0, 0994/0, 0924/0 has favorable conditions, Meshkin with a score of 0369/0 in relatively good condition, Warmth, anklets and Ardebil with 0704 votes / 0-, 1359 / 0-and 2098 / 0-of adverse conditions And Pars Abad city with 3228 negative rating /-0 in last place and the situation is quite unsatisfactory. Based on the analysis of the 30 indicators used PARSABAD Gaia city status this research indicates that only in the ratio of active branches of sewage into the URBAN population in the state is ideal. Overall results show that ENVIRONMENTal situation in cities far worse that the URBAN population is more URBAN counties that have less.

The objective of this study is to measure the city of Tehran’s ENVIRONMENTal QUALITY in 2006 (the last census year). Primarily, with a comparative analysis of a variety of URBAN sustainability indicator models, a collection of 54 indicators have been chosen and categorized as indicators of increase or decrease in URBAN ENVIRONMENTal QUALITY in the form of a simple mathematical model. Based on the aforementioned model, Tehran’s ENVIRONMENTal QUALITY in 2006, having obtained a score of 59.5%, has been evaluated as “middle ranking”. After continuing the evaluation more meticulously, it became known that the individual healthcare indicator with a 91% score and the safety and security indicator with a 19% score had the highest and lowest QUALITY respectively in the city. Repeating this evaluation in the future will show the condition of the city’s movement toward establishing a sustainable city. Furthermore, it will clearly demonstrate the reasons affecting the high or low speed of this movement.

Cities as a living ENVIRONMENT play a significant role in creating satisfaction, they indeed shape human's lifestyle and determine their life QUALITY. Regarding the QUALITY of man-made ENVIRONMENTs not only encourages them to cooperate, but also induces a sense of satisfaction among individuals. URBAN growth and rapid URBAN expansion have caused various crises in terms of URBAN life including ENVIRONMENTal challenges and declining the QUALITY of URBAN environs. Following increased URBANization in our country and rapid changing space for several reasons in terms of URBAN texture, the QUALITY of URBAN environs has seriously declined. When it comes to ENVIRONMENTal QUALITY, the emphasis is still over construction and physical shape. The paper tends to measure and zone the physical ENVIRONMENT QUALITY of the middle texture of Tabriz city based on recent statistics and data. The research method is based on the objectives applying descriptive-analytical in terms of its methodology. During first steps of sample collection, we initially measure the QUALITY of URBAN ENVIRONMENT through field studies preparing and filling out some questionnaires. And in the second step, we apply softwares including: EXCEL, CHOICE, EXPERT to measure the data and finally apply ARC GIS to display the research findings. However the yields of central tissue zoning of Tabriz reflect that 5. 77% of regional area is in an unfavorable condition, 19. 38% favorable condition and 74. 83% is in moderate utility status.

Cities as a living ENVIRONMENT play a significant role in creating satisfaction, they indeed shape human's lifestyle and determine their life QUALITY. Regarding the QUALITY of man-made ENVIRONMENTs not only encourages them to cooperate, but also induces a sense of satisfaction among individuals. URBAN growth and rapid URBAN expansion have caused various crises in terms of URBAN life including ENVIRONMENTal challenges and declining the QUALITY of URBAN environs. Following increased URBANization in our country and rapid changing space for several reasons in terms of URBAN texture, the QUALITY of URBAN environs has seriously declined. When it comes to ENVIRONMENTal QUALITY, the emphasis is still over construction and physical shape. The paper tends to measure and zone the physical ENVIRONMENT QUALITY of the middle texture of Tabriz city based on recent statistics and data. The research method is based on the objectives applying descriptive-analytical in terms of its methodology. During first steps of sample collection, we initially measure the QUALITY of URBAN ENVIRONMENT through field studies preparing and filling out some questionnaires. And in the second step, we apply softwares including: EXCEL, CHOICE, EXPERT to measure the data and finally apply ARC GIS to display the research findings. However the yields of central tissue zoning of Tabriz reflect that 5. 77% of regional area is in an unfavorable condition, 19. 38% favorable condition and 74. 83% is in moderate utility status.

This article was written with the purpose of measuring the dissatisfaction of Navab district through four factors of social­ ENVIRONMENTal (including lack of ENVIRONMENTal health component, not feeling safe, sound pollution and air pollution). Study sample included 270 questionnaires and the data was analyzed data using the SPSS software. The results of the research show that all the expected factors in the empirical model within the studied field have a significant relationship with the residents' dissatisfaction rate with their ENVIRONMENT (P<.05). In general, Navab residents' dissatisfaction among the factors reviewed were evaluated above its average (5 <3.41> 1 with theoretical mean of 3). The annoyance of the residents has been high and more than average. The highest rate of dissatisfaction of the residents has been due to sufering from the air pollution (3>2.89> 1withh theoretical mean of 2) and the lowest has been due to the ENVIRONMENTal Health (3>2.02>1 with theoretical means of 22) was evaluated which was evaluated moderate. The results from studying the three independent variables of gender, age and length of stay in area influencing the amount of dissatisfaction, the results showed that none of these variables have influenced the perception of residents' annoyance (P>.005).

Rapid URBANization and lack of URBAN readiness for accepting emerging social conditions have led to the formation of low-QUALITY of URBAN ENVIRONMENTs in many developing countries. This issue has directly affected the QUALITY of life of citizens. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the variables affecting citizens' satisfaction about the QUALITY of URBAN ENVIRONMENT in Ardebil’ s District 4. This research is an applied and developmental purposely and descriptive-analytical methodically. A sample of 382 people has been questioned. For data analysis, one-sample T-test and independent T-test, multiple regression analysis (Enter), Variance or F test, and Scheffe's test to examine the difference between several groups has been used. The results of this research show that residents' satisfaction from the QUALITY of URBAN ENVIRONMENT is at a low level. So that the level of satisfaction with the QUALITY of the URBAN ENVIRONMENT is lower than the theoretical. Independent T-test and Variance test showed that type of occupation, education level and settlement duration, affect the level of citizen satisfaction from URBAN ENVIRONMENT QUALITY. Other personal characteristics do not affect the QUALITY of the URBAN ENVIRONMENT (age and gender) in citizen satisfaction. The residential ENVIRONMENT variables have a far greater proportion compared to other variables in predicting the dependent variable.

Visual aspect is one of those lots of aspects which influence neighborhood QUALITY. Visibility is an important factor of ENVIRONMENTal and URBAN QUALITY. This study is concentrated to find whether the visual QUALITY of housing and URBAN open space in the neighborhoods is influenced with URBAN form and its objective is to find the relationship between open space form of the neighborhood unique fabric, its organic pathways, a linear main access which divides this fabric to two parts and visibility. So open space visibility of neighborhood in old fabric of Bushehr and their isovist properties have been analyzed in a correlational research. The case study was a neighborhood public space in spatial configuration located in Bushehr that is surrounded by URBAN development and sea. Compact URBAN space, squares, long and narrow streets shape this fabric. One of the characteristics of this morphology is its composition as a set of rather long and narrow streets with number of squares different in shape.This study shows that isovist tool is applicable in analyzing visual QUALITY in URBAN fabric. In this research two forms of URBAN open space has been analyzed to evaluate visibility using Syntax2D. Six isovist measures in grid and two paths have been studied that correlations between these measures have been compared with each other in two paths.Findings show that area and perimeter indices have the highest correlation. In organic path these two indices have highest value reaching Enghelab Avenue that divides this fabric in two parts and also these measures are higher in local squares than long and narrow streets. On the other hand these indices remain unchanged in linear path. Drift index that studies the longest possible line of sight raises dramatically reaching Enghelab Avenue while it almost stabilizes inside the organic path. Turning to linear path, this index is the highest at the ends and the lowest in the middle of the path. Occlusive index that is the proportion of the perimeter on the solid boundary of the ENVIRONMENT Shows fluctuation in organic path unlike linear path. While Compactness index that shows how close the observers feels themselves to the ENVIRONMENT shows notable variations in organic path having a steady graph in linear path.Circularity index that is the square of the perimeter to area as is influenced by details in space shows significant changes in organic path while it is nearly stabilized in linear path. It can be said as a result that URBAN form has relationship with its visibility; meaning that the organic path creates a variety of isovist indexes unlike linear path that divides the neighborhood fabric in two parts. Furthermore, the analysis shows that squares which are the place of social interactions are more compact than the streets of the neighborhood as they define non physical geometries and variety in the spatial experiences is achieved moving within them. Finally the study shows that the form of neighborhood open space plays an important role in its high visual QUALITY and the QUALITY of housing.