In this paper, a novel 12-bit current-steering binary-weighted digital-to-analog converter (DAC) based on nanoampere bits is designed and modified for high-definition television (HDTV) applications. As a part of a widely used consumer appliance, it is aimed to be such designed to consume power as low as possible.Hence, as a distinguished idea, prime concentration is focused on the reduction of the currents providing the bits of the proposed DAC. To do this, current mirrors operating in the weak inversion region are arranged to establish the least significant bit (LSB) current as low as 10 nA while the power supply is also reduced to 1 V, resulting to an ultralow power of 52.9mW. Many other powerful ideas are then deliberately combined to maintain both high speed and very low glitches required for HDTV application despite those ultralow currents and power. The result is a speed of 100 MS/s, an ultralow glitch of ≃10.91 fAs, |INL| ≤ 0.988 LSB, |DNL| ≤0.99 LSB, and a spurious-free dynamic range of ≃73 dB. These results caused the proposed DAC to execute a distinguished overall performance (defined as figure of merit) greatly better than some other advanced ones by outstanding ratios of 77 to 277, 185. Hspice simulations with the SMIC 0.18-mm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology have been used to validate the proposed circuit. Performance evaluation of the proposed DAC versus Monte Carlo simulations and also a wide range of temperature variations proved both its well mismatch insensitivity and thermal stability.

low cross-polarization slot array antenna in the narrow wall of ridge waveguide is presented. A non-angled slot which is created in the narrow wall of the ridge waveguide is considered to be used as radiating resonant slot. The normalized resistance and normalized reactance curves are presented for design purposes. A six element slot array waveguide antenna with ridges on its narrow wall is then designed at frequency of 9 GHz using the normalized conductance of each radiating slot. It is shown that good performance can be achieved even for angled ridge in waveguide. The antenna has the characteristics SLL of -20 dB and cross-polarization equivalent to -60 dB.

Introduction: Nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is characterized by sufficient cortisol and aldosterone production at the cost of androgen overproduction. Hydrocortisone or dexamethasone in supraphysiological doses are current treatment, however, their downside is suppression of endogenous cortisol production resulting in corticosteroid dependency. We aimed to treat children with nonclassical CAH with a ultralow-dose dexamethasone to normalize androgen levels, without a detrimental effect on endogenous cortisol production.Case Presentation: We recruited five patients diagnosed with nonclassical CAH on the basis of clinical presentation, biochemical analyses, and genetic testing. Anthropometric as well as biochemical parameters and bone age were measured on a regular basis. During treatment, an adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulation test was performed. Outcome measures were normalization of androgens and deceleration of the bone age advancement with sufficient endogenous cortisol response. Androgen levels were normalized in all patients resulting in a deceleration of the bone age advancement. Cortisol stress response remained normal in four out of five patients. Only one patient needed hydrocortisone stress dosing.Conclusions: According to this case series, it seems that ultralow-dose dexamethasone in treatment of nonclassical CAH would be a promising novel treatment strategy. The advantage of this treatment strategy is that adverse effects of hyperandrogenism can be reversed while preserving the endogenous cortisol stress response.

VOLTAGE stability may be improved by various control functions. In this paper, it is shown that how High Side VOLTAGE Control (HIVC) may be employed for this purpose. Two test systems, namely a 22- bus and IEEE U8-bus systems are used to demonstrate the proposed tuning strategy for HSVC control parameters.

There are fewer problems encountered with optical VOLTAGE transducers in comparison with their inductive and capacitive counterparts. Although capacitive and inductive transformers are used vastly for the purpose of measurement and protection in the networks, they cause problems such as core saturation and improper transient responses which decrease the accuracy of measurement and efficiency of the protection schemes. As a result, optical VOLTAGE transducers are considered as proper candidates for replacing the conventional inductive and capacitive transformers. Lighter weight, smaller size, larger dynamic range, wider bandwidth, insensitivity to electromagnetic interference, stability over temperature change, absence of iron core saturation, low maintenance and replacement cost, etc. are some of the advantages of optical VOLTAGE transducers over inductive and capacitive transformers. In this paper, the Modified Adaptive Method is introduced in order to measure the integral of electric field with minimum number of sensors. Using this algorithm makes the effects of other fields minimum. One more advantage of this method is the possibility of improving the accuracy of the measurement by using a correction factor. The correction factor is determined by considering the level of accuracy, environmental conditions and the number of sensors. Simulation results show the great validity and effectiveness of this method over a wide range of variations.

Background: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder in which nerve cells of the brain from time to time release abnormal electrical impulses. These cause a temporary malfunction of the never cells of the brain. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, two electrode VOLTAGE and current clamp techniques were used to determine the efficacy of a new quinazolinone compound on PTZ induced epileptiform activity and underlying ionic conductance in D5 neuronal membrane of Helix aspersa. Results: The results demonstrated that the convulsant drug PTZ (25mM) changed the shape and increased the frequency of spontaneous action potentials. At holding potential of - 40 m V, PTZ led to a reduction in amplitude of inward and outward currents. Extracellular application of the new quinazolinone compound (0.1 mM) in epileptic model produced a hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential and a decrease in frequency of action potentials. Under VOLTAGE clamp condition, tested new compound decreased the peak amplitude of the inward and increased the outward currents. Application of the new compound added PTZ, caused a reduction in frequency, amplitude and duration potential. Resting membrane, potential was affected and shifted towards more hyperpolarized VOLTAGE. At holding potential of - 40 m V, the new compound in the absence of PTZ depressed the total membrane conductance. Simultaneous application of quinazolinone and PTZ produced a remarkable reduction in membrane ionic currents. Conclusion: It may be concluded that new quinazolinone compound causes a reduction in cellular excitability and inhibition of PTZ induced epileptic activity via changing membrane ionic conductance.