The multiple nature of perfectionism including intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social aspects requires one's high expectations of him or herself and others as well as others high expectations of oneself. In addition to psychological pathologies, interpersonal problems might be explained by these expectations. The relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and interpersonal problems was investigated in this research. Fifty students (36 girls, 14 boys) were participated in this study from Tehran University. They were asked to fill out the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) and the Inventory of Interpersonal problems (llP). The results showed that dimensions of perfectionism significantly related to interpersonal problems: other-oriented perfectionism was associated with interpersonal problems of submissiveness, intimacy, and controlling; socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with interpersonal problems of sociability and responsibility; and self-oriented perfectionism was associated with interpersonal problems of responsibility. No significant difference was found between boys and girls in terms of perfectionism and interpersonal problems.  

Todays, focus on environment is important, in particular the rural areas, as human try simultaneously to use from nature and to preserve it. Since the villages are near to nature, there are direct relationship between nature and the villages. Therefore they have direct affect from its environment, which is considered as important point in environmental studies. It also shows that why study of rural environment is very important.The objective of this study is to explore and resolve these problems. The methodology of this study was through library and internet search to obtain information on other countries and their activities on rural environment.The finding in this regard was that the erosion, lack of center for waste burial and sewage systems are considered as important problems. There are also other important problems that might be necessary to focus on it, for example land use changes, water and air pollution and destroy of the preserved land. This paper, for decreasing the environmental problems in the villages, it propose that to increase productivity of water resources by improving water network supply system and also to carry out physical development in villages. Also it is essential to increase the productivity by using the existing resources.Another problem in the villages is related to befoul (for example, wood). This causes air pollution in/out home. One of the way to resolve this problem is to supply of electricity into the villages. This helps to decrease carbon monoxide.Population is another component that has positive and negative effects on rural environment.High population and immigration would destroy the rural environment, but, at the same time these crowds can also develop the environmental friendly technology which could protect the environment.In the world, there are some projects Implemented in the rural areas, such as land use management, training, environment management and public participation approach. Which are toward protection of rural environment.

Background: Birth spacing, especially the first birth interval (FBI), is a suitable index to investigate the delayed fertility that results in a low fertility pattern. Non-parametric familiar alternatives to the Cox proportional hazard regression (CPH) model include survival Trees that can automatically discover certain types of covariate interactions according to the survival length. The aim of this research is to study FBI influential factors by applying survival Trees. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 610 married women (aged 15-49 years), were selected from different regions of Tehran, Iran in the Winter and Spring of 2017. Classification and regression Trees (CART) for the FBI survival Tree were fitted by taking into consideration the predictors of each woman’ s age, age at first marriage, educational level, partner’ s educational level, activity, region, house ownership, kinship, partner’ s race, marriage time attitude, and expenditure using R packages. Results: Since the PH assumption of the CPH model was not confirmed for the covariates of age at first marriage (P=0. 001), kinship (P=0. 000), partner’ s race (P=0. 001), and marriage time attitude (P=0. 042), the results of this model were not valid. Thus, a CART survival Tree was fitted. The validity of the fitted model in assessing FBI was confirmed by the significant result of the log rank test (P<0. 01) for the terminal nodes and the value of the separation measure, which was greater than 1. The fitted Tree had 13 terminal nodes and the most vital FBI predictor was women’ s age. The longest FBI belonged to educated and employed women, ages 30-37 years. Conclusion: Analysing patterns of birth spacing by selecting the appropriate statistical method provides important information for health policymakers. In order to formulate appropriate demographic policies, it is essential to take into consideration age, educational level and job status of the women, all of which have essential roles on their decision to have children.

Tree search algorithms are vital for the search methods in structured data. Such algorithms deal with nodes which can be taken from a data structure. One famous Tree data structure is split Tree. In this paper, to compute the split Tree in polar coordinates, a method has been introduced. Assuming that the algorithm inputs (in form of points) have been distributed in the form of a circle or part of a circle, polar split Tree can be used. For instance, we can use these types of Trees to transmit radio and telecommunication waves from host stations to the receivers and to search the receivers. Since we are dealing with data points that are approximately circular distributed, it is suggested to use polar coordinates. Furthermore, there are several researches by search algorithms for the central anchor which leads to the assignment of a virtual polar coordinate system. In this paper, the structure of Cartesian split Tree will be explained and the polar split Tree will be implemented. Then, by doing nearest neighbor search experiments, we will compare the polar split Tree and polar quad Tree in terms of searching time and amount of distance to the closest neighbor and in the end, better results will be achieved.