The importance of shea Tree to the people of south-western Nigeria cannot be over emphasized considering both the economic and environmental uses of the Tree. However, efforts have not been made to propagate its production by the farmers as the shea Tree still grows in the wild state. It would be worthwhile to investigate farmers’ perception of shea nut Tree as an economic Tree and their attitudes toward the conservation measures needed to prevent its extinction. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 160 farmers for the study. A structured interview schedule was used to collect data from the respondents. Descriptive statistics of means and percentages were used to describe the data while correlation coefficients were employed to determine the relationships that exist between farmers’ perception and their socio- economics characteristics. A larger percentage of the farmers claimed the awareness of the potential products of shea nut Trees. Majority (90.6%) of the respondents perceived shea Tree as an economic Tree and indicated that it provides income for women and children that gather the fruits. Most of the farmers had favourable attitude toward shea nut Tree as an economic Tree. Land ownership status (r=0.536), age (r=0.875), education (r=0.725), farming experience (r=0.508), household size (r=-0.817) and farm size (r=-0.673) had significant influence on the perception of farmers. The study therefore recommends that the extension agencies should play significant role in educating the farmers on the importance of conserving the Trees to sustain its economic benefits.

Two-dimensional image conversion algorithms to 3D data create the hope that the structural properties of Trees can be extracted through these images. In this study, the accuracy of biomass estimation in Tree, plot, and hybrid levels using UAVs images was investigated. In 34. 8 ha of Sisangan Forest Park, using a quadcopter, 854 images from an altitude of 100 meters above ground were acquired. SFM algorithm was applied to produce 3D data and the height of the Trees was extracted. 28 samples with 30×30 m dimension were collected and the height and the diameter at the breast height were measured and the biomass was calculated based on a general allometric equation. In order to estimate the biomass at plotlevel, the height metrics were extracted from the point cloud. For Tree-level, the biomass of each Tree was modeled based on the height value derived from CHM for each Tree. In hybrid-level, sum of estimated biomass of Trees in Tree-level was used as the predictor in modeling. The accuracy and precision of the estimates were evaluated using relative bias (rBias), relative root mean square error (rRMSE), and adjusted r square (r2). rRMSE for biomass estimation in Buxus hyrcana, Carpinus betulus, Parottia persica, and other species were 17. 56, 7. 11, 14. 67 and 22. 73 percent, respectively. For plot level and hybrid level, rRMSE were 58 and 47 percent, respectively. Based on the result, the most precise approach for biomass estimation is hybrid level and the precision of the estimate is appropriate for overall assessment of forest stands, not for management planning.

Introduction: Long-term climatic data are a prerequisite for hydro-meteorological studies and understanding of past climate. Iran is mostly located in semi-arid to arid climate zones, so information on the natural long-term variability of the hydroclimate is of great relevance for land use planning, agriculture, and water supply of a growing population…

In order to study the effect of sulfuric acid concentration on dormancy breaking of silk Tree (Albizia julibrissin L.) and Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua 1.), two separate experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions. Each of experiments had 5 treatments of sulfuric acid concentrations (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 percent). The experiments were completely randomized design with 3 replications. In the first experiment (Silk Tree), the result showed that as the rate of sulfuric acid increased, the germination percent and germination speed were increased. The highest and lowest values were obtained in 50% and 0% sulfuric acid treatment respectively. But, there were no significant differences between 6.25, 12.5 and 25 percent of sulfuric acid. In the second experiment (Carob Tree) contrast result were obtained. Increasing of acid concentration were led to a decrease in germination percent and speed of germination, however there were no significant differences between the treatments.

Let x and y be two distinct vertices in a connected graph G. The x; ylocation of a vertex w is the ordered pair of distances from w to x and y, that is, the ordered pair (d(x; w); d(y; w)). A set of vertices W in G is x; y-located if any two vertices in W have distinct x; y-locations. A set W of vertices in G is 2-located if it is x; y-located, for some distinct vertices x and y. The 2-dimension of G is the order of a largest set that is 2-located in G. Note that this notion is related to the metric dimension of a graph, but not identical to it. We study in depth the Trees T that have a 2-locating set, that is, have 2-dimension equal to the order of T. Using these results, we have a nice characterization of the 2-dimension of arbitrary Trees.

Importance of yew Tree (Taxus spp.) originates from the entering of Taxol (Paclitaxel) in the treatment of breast cancer since 1982. Taxus spp. is one of the Taxaceae family, distributed in North America, Europe, meditranean region, Asia and North forests of Iran. Efficacy of Taxol in the treament of some cancers and low concentration of this compound in Tree, stimulated semi synthetic preparation of taxol from other more aboundant compounds such as baccation–III which is found with higher concentrations in all Tree tissues. Despite entering some other routs for preparation of taxol e.g. cell culture, cultivation and studies on yew Tree is in high importance, therefore review on this plant was made by authors.

In this paper, our focus of attention is the proper propagation of fuzzy degrees in determinization of Nondeterministic Fuzzy Finite Tree Automata (NFFTA). Initially, two determinization methods are introduced which have some limitations (one in behavior preserving and other in type of fuzzy operations). In order to eliminate these limitations and increasing the efficiency of FFTA, we define the notion of fuzzy complex state and Complex FFTA (CFFTA). Also, we define Ñ-normalization operation in algebra of fuzzy complex state to solve the multi membership state problem in fuzzy automata. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between FFTA and CFFTA. Finally, determinization of CFFTA is presented.

The patient was a 5-year-old boy with malaise, abdominal discomfort, intermittent fever and vomiting since two years ago. Complete blood count was relatively normal except for mild eosinophilia Open Access What is your diagnosis? See the next page for your diagnosis. (white blood cells = 8. 05 ×106/L, hemoglobin = 116 g/L, platelet = 464×106/L, neutrophil = 42. 8%, lymphocyte = 43%, monocyte = 8. 1%, eosinophil = 5. 7%, basophil = 0. 4%)....

In this paper, an automatic method in converting a dependency parse Tree into its equivalent phrase structure one is introduced for the Persian language. In the first step, a rule-based algorithm is designed. Then, Persian specific dependency-to-phrase structure conversion rules merge to the algorithm. Subsequently, the Persian dependency Treebank with about 30,000 sentences is used as an input for the algorithm and an equivalent phrase structure Treebank is extracted. Finally, the statistical Stanford parser is trained using the resulting Treebank. Experimental results show a F1 of 96.05% for the conversion algorithm and an F1 of 86.01% for Persian factored model parser.