Bakhtiari carpet has been less studied and introduced in art studies. Compared with other carpets, its rich designs and forms are overlooked by researchers. In this study an attempt is made to investigate the value and significance of Trees in Bakhtiari carpets, with emphasis on variety of its designs and forms.

Cheshmehbolbol Box Tree Community with an area of 200 hectares is located in the protected part of Livan-Banafshtappeh Forest management plan, within the territory supervised by the Golestan Province Natural Resources General Department. The aim of this research was to identify and introduce ecological groups of Trees and shrubs in the habitat. Sampling for this study was based on slope, elevation and Tree dominant species. For identification and classification of vegetation covers, 10 grid plots of 225 m2 area (based on minimum area method) for Tree-shrub layer were randomly sampled in each preliminary unit. Canopy cover and diameter at the breast height of woody species were measured in 80 plots in the study area. Classification analysis was performed using TWINSPAN. As TWINSPAN analysis based on basal area led to better results as compared to the analysis based on canopy cover, other stages of analysis was carried out based on basal area, and four ecological plant groups were determined in the study area. Similarity indexes of the four ecological groups revealed susceptible difference between them. This index also confirmed the existence of the four distinguished groups. Ordination analysis was performed by DCA in order to detect the floristic composition of ecological groups and samples and the result agreed results of TWINSPAN analysis.

Research on Achaemenid art is still a fresh and difficult subject. Due to the weakness of the remaining Achaemenid artistic documents, seals are among the most useful materials that have abundant data. This can help us to improve our understanding of Persian in the Achaemenid era. In addition to the beneficial aspect, the Tree has also been of aesthetic and ritual value in the Achaemenid thought. The Tree’, s notion can be found in the following two visual and key sources. The first and most used are seals that include a significant portion of the images of the Trees. The second type is embossed designs and glazed tiles in architectural monuments that have the least variety of images for examining the Tree in Achaemenid art in measuring seals. The purpose of this research is to recognize the notion of “, Tree”,in the Achaemenid Seals based on the typology of Trees and to examine the relationship between the species of the Tree with the theme or the content of the seals, which is not a matter of much concern. The present paper is based on the hypothesis that “, the representation of the Tree in the art of seals making with the theme of seal”,is not the only element for ornament’, s scene. The strategy of this qualitative research is descriptive-analytic approach. The results of this study showed that, in general, three recognizable species of Trees can be found in these stamps: “, palm date Trees”, , “,conifer or needle leaf Trees”,and “, fruit Trees”, . Palm Trees with or without dates are designed in a realistic way with plenty of detail and axial symmetry. Payment techniques and aesthetics of the Trees include a variety of court styles to designer personal tastes. In general, cylindrical seals are a more suitable substrate for palm Trees, and this is also consistent with the subject matter of these seals. Because the palm is considered as a symbol of fertility and prosperity, the royal address is also considered, and its significance is so much that in some cases the sign of a wing or winged body disc can be seen above it. Needle leaf or conifer Trees are seen in samples of the style of imitation, the main theme of which is its seal, the domination of a crowned man on animals. These Trees are designed in hunting and hunting scenes, with simple and parallel hatches. In non-court hunting scenes, the presence of shrub or conifer Trees can be seen more. In general, in non-cylindrical seals that have more popular themes and are closer to everyday life, the presence of such tall Trees is a cylindrical seal. However, fruit Trees have a very small contribution to the studied seals. Fruit Trees or flowering Trees are appropriate to the designer’, s style. In addition to the ornamentation, the Trees have two key functions: a) the Tree as the symbol of the kingdom in the court scenes,and b) the Tree as the symbol of nature in the scenic scenes.

Introduction & Objective: Deaf children have special emotional reactions, Understanding these characteristics and problems can help medical and paramedical professionals, parents and teachers to reach the purpose of behavioral adaptability. The present study was performed in order to recognize disorders, emotional problems and functions of deaf children compared with normal children in emotional components of anxiety, depression, aggression, impulsivity and lack of compromise.Materials & Methods: In order to recognize emotional disorders and problems of deaf children, sample groups of 120 male and female patients (60 deaf children and 60 children with normal hearing with equal number of male and female) enrolled in primary schools of Hamadan province were selected by multi stage randomly sampling in this casual_comparative study.House-Tree-Person (HTP) and Draw-A-Person tests (DAP) were used to determine their emotional problems.Results: Ourresults indicate that in terms of parameters related to the two tests (distance of three components of each other, anxiety, aggression, depression and impulsivity and lack of compromise), participants' overall scores in two tests by major scales such as anxiety(a=0.01, P<0.05; 3.48, 3.13) aggression (a=0.05, 0.01, P<0.05; 6.12, 3.97) depression (a=0.05 P<0.05; 3.75, 3.81), impulsivity (a=0.05, 0.01, P<0.05; 3.47, 3.01) and lack of compromise (a=0.05, 0.01, P<0.05; 4.89, 4.95) are significantly different from each other.Conclusion: Thedeaf children in terms of denotative parameters related to the two tests are significantly different from normal children; and the overall scores obtained on each of the scales generally show a significant difference with normal children, In the deaf group with regard to gender variable (male and female) significant differences in some of the scales such as distance of three components of each other, anxiety, aggression, depression and lack of compromise iare observed between the deaf boys and girls.

We assessed the urban Trees structure in Tabriz city and estimated the isoprene and monoterpenes emission using i-Tree Eco model. The results indicated that the i-Tree Eco model could be used as a successful method in Iran. Estimations of i-Tree Eco model showed that urban Trees with 9. 4% Tree cover emitted 18428. 6 and 49757. 5 monoterpenes and isoprene during the year 2015. Open spaces and the ten Tree species among existing 48 species accounted for 63. 3 and 92. 22% of the total emission respectively. In the other hand White poplar and Austrian pin emitted the highest amount of isoprene and monoterpenes. Our results suggest that to plant the Trees that emit less BVOCs in order to help to reducing ozone level in cities. The results of this study could be used in the proper urban environments and green infrastructures management.

The Hosoya index, also known as the Z index, of a graph is the total number of matchings in it. In this paper, we study the Hosoya index of the Tree structures. Our aim is to give some results on Z in terms of Fibonacci numbers in such structures. Also, the asymptotic normality of this index is given.

This paper introduces the notion of multidimensional fuzzy finite Tree automata (MFFTA) and investigates its closure properties from the area of automata and language theory. MFFTA are a superclass of fuzzy Tree automata whose behavior is generalized to adapt to multidimensional fuzzy sets. An MFFTA recognizes a multidimensional fuzzy Tree language which is a regular Tree language so that for each dimension, a fuzzy membership grade is assigned to each Tree. We study MFFTA by extending some classical problems and properties of automata and regular languages such as determinization, reduction, duality and operations on languages. Furthermore, we provided the method of converting every complete fuzzy Tree automata to an MFFTA as well as an example to show the efficiency of MFFTA in comparison to FFTA.

Consideration for nature and its manifestations such as fire, water, plant, sun, moon and starts were popular from ancient times. In Persian mythology, water, plant, moon and sun were the symbols of Mithra and Anahita. Mithra, the symbol of light and blaze of sun, were worshiped along with water. Worshipping of Anahita, goddess of water and fertility, were related to water and plant.Temples of Mithra and moon (Mithra and Anahaita) were usually constructed next to the mountain, fountain and holly Trees. The char taghi were the examples of such places that some of them transformed to shrines or fire-temple.