Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare higher-order aberrations between personalized Treatment (PT) versus personalized Treatment advanced (PTA) photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia and myopic astigmatism.Methods: In this clinical trial, 80 eyes of 40 patients who met inclusion criteria were enrolled. They underwent PRK using PT or PTA algorithm randomly. Higher-order aberrations were measured and compared between the study groups pre-operatively and at months 3 and 6 postoperatively.Results: The two study groups were comparable in terms of preoperative higher-order aberrations.Compared to the preoperative values, higher-order aberrations were significantly increased in the PT group (p<0.001), but decreased in the PTA group (p<0.001). Spherical aberration exhibited a significant increase postoperatively in the PT group (p<0.001) but remained unchanged in the PTA group (P=0.57).Conclusion: PRK using PT algorithm resulted in an increase higher-order aberrations. PTA algorithm provided better results in terms of postoperative higher-order aberrations and could treat pre-existing higher-order aberrations.

Introduction: Many efforts have been made to improve Ni-Ti alloy for endodontic use and it has been shown that surface properties and thus cutting efficiency of the rotary files can be improved by processes such as electro-polishing, ion implantation and surface coating. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cryogenic Treatment on cutting efficiency of Ni-Ti rotary files.Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 60 Ni-Ti rotary instruments (Hero 642, #25, 0.04 taper) were selected and divided into 3 groups of 20. In group I no Treatment was used. In group II the instruments were subjected to a deep cryogenic Treatment in liquid nitrogen pool (-196oC) for 24 hours and after Treatment were immediately tested for cutting efficiency. In group III after cryogenic Treatment the temperature of the samples was raised slowly to room temperature for 24 hours. A new piece of test equipment was designed and used. The instruments were attached to the testing machine and rotated in Plexiglas samples for 10 seconds in a working length of 16 mm. The depth of grooves and weight loss of Plexiglas were measured after instrumentation. One-way and two-way ANOVA were used to compare the means of cutting efficacy between the three groups at 95% confidence interval.Results: The instruments which were immediately tested for cutting efficiency had significantly more weight loss and deeper grooves (pweight<0.001; pgroove=0.022), indicating better cutting efficiency. However, there was no significant differences between group I and group III in cutting efficacy (p weight=0.23; p groove=0.61).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the surface properties of Ni-Ti alloy could be improved by the cryogenic Treatment for a limited period of time after Treatment, increasing the cutting efficiency of Ni-Ti rotary instruments.

Introduction: Terbinafine, a member of the allylamines group, is a new class of antimycotic agents. The aim of this study was to compare the antifungal efficacy of Terbinafine 1% with that of Clotrimazole 1% in the patients with Pityriasis Versicolor.Materials and methods: This controlled-clinical trial study was performed on 53 patients (28 males and 25 females) with a mean age of 25 years old. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group was treated with Terbinafine 1% and the second group with Clotrimazole 1% twice a day. The patients were evaluated both clinically and mycologically at the beginning of the study as well as the end of the second and the fourth weeks. The findings were analyzed using Fisher Exact and Chi Square tests.results: In the 2nd week of the Treatment, clinical cure was observed in 44.4% of the patients in the first group (Terbinafine recipients) and in 48% of those in the second group (Clotrimazole recipients) (P=0.90). At the end of the fourth week, the lesions disappeared in 89% and 81% of the first and second groups, respectively (P=0.467). Mycological cures were observed in the 2nd week in 48% of the first group and 38% of the second group (P=0.477) which respectively increased to 92.5% and 88.5% by the fourth week (P=0.66).conclusion: Although the fungicidal activity of both drugs were found to be almost similar, Clotrimazole is recommended because it is more available and less expensive.

Background and aim: To establish an appropriate dental preventive program, relevant data should be collected from all over the country. The aim of the present study was to find out the care index, Treatment needs and DMFT score and its related factors in 12 year – old male and females students studying in Karaj middle schools in 2004.materials and methods: The study was designed as a cross sectional surrey in 4 educational districts of Karaj on 768 students. Study samples were chosen through multi stage random sampling from public and private schools. The questionnaire and study forms were filled through inter view with students and their dental examination. All the examinations were carried out in a well – lit classroom with sterile packed instruments, mask and glove DMFT was calculated by the WHO criteria Some of the related factors were frequency of dental examination, the number ofthe students siblings, mouth breathing, socio economic status of the family the prevalence at problem in samples established and confidence in terval in society was estimated. The role of the related factors was statistically analyzed with chi squarettest.Results: Total samples were 768 people (384 male and 384 female). DMFT was 2.67±2.2 in girls and 3.59±2.59 in boys. Treatment needs and care index was %85/74 and %11/8 in girls and %93.54 and%5.94 in boys respectively.%21.9 girls and%13.55 boys were caries free in this study mothers occupation (P<0/03 in girls and P<0/005 in boys), birth rank (P<0/025 in boys), mouth breathing (p< 0/025), frequency of dental examination (P<0/008 in girls), were significantly related to DMFT. In girls a significant relation ship was found between the type of school and DMFT (P<0/0011).Conclusions: DMFT score was high er than WHO goals specially in boys and education in preventive and Treatment fields is recommended. Also, more re search is recommended in the related factors field.

Background: Receiving exact dose by the patients is vital in radiotherapy. The TECDOC1583 protocol is used to achieve this goal. This study aimed to evaluate several levels and steps of Treatment planning، in order to calculate the precise dose received by the patient، and to compare it with actual results.Methods: The distribution of doses for single، multiple and complicated multiple field beams of Treatment planning were calculated using TiGRT. Results were compared with the measured results of anthropomorphic phantom in different phases.Findings: According to the TECDOC1583 protocol، all the results were accepted; but in the fifth level of the test، percent of error in the lung was 4.3% which made a 0.3% of discrepancy. In the sixth level of the test، the percent of error in soft tissue was 5.7% with about 2.7% of discrepancy.Conclusion: Due to the lack of electronic density in lung tissue، a Treatment planning software with higher accuracy is needed for evaluations. Our findings showed that technicians’ knowledge regarding to the application of Treatment planning software is essential in this regard. Since the produced error would not be acceptable in this area، and the accuracy of the Treatment planning software is no more confident، so working based on correct algorithm of Treatment planning software should be checked and system restarting and commissioning must be re-evaluated periodically.

Introduction: This study was aimed to investigate two kinds of Treatment in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and compare their efficacy on improving patients’ symptoms and their mental health; one with just medical Treatment and another with a combination of psychotherapy and medical Treatment.Method: In a quasi-experimental study, 50 IBS patients were chosen among patients who came to a Gastroenterology Clinic. They were physically evaluated using ROME-II and mentally evaluated using SCL-90-R and then randomly appointed to two groups: medical Treatment group as the control group and the combination of medical and psychological Treatment as the case group.The subjects at the case group received cognitive behavioral psychotherapy for 8 sessions. Then, both the case and the control groups were evaluated using ROME-II and SCL-90-R. The data were analyzed using t test and U Mann- Whitney test for independent groups.Results: The findings of this study showed that a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and medical Treatment is more effective than medical Treatment alone in alleviating IBS symptoms. The mental health of the case was meaningfully better than that of the control.Conclusion: Considering the role of cognitive behavioral therapy combined with medical Treatment in IBS patients, we recommend that a team of gastroenterologists and psychologists manage such patients.

Background: Subsidization is a policy to encourage the purchase and use of goods and services and to promote their affordability for the poor. The Welfare Organization of Iran subsidizes substance use Treatment in order to increase coverage and adherence to Treatment. Objectives: This studyaimedto answer the following questions: is themodelefficient? Has the policy resulted in increased coverage and higher adherence to substance use Treatment? How could the model be improved? Methods: We compared two types of substance use Treatments of abstinence-based residential program and outpatient methadone maintenance. Based on their severity of addiction and retention in Treatment clients who benefited from subsidization were compared with other clients. Therefore, 109 clients, 78frommethadonemaintenanceand31fromresidential abstinence-basedprograms were interviewed. Results: Subsidization had an encouraging effect on clients to enter substance use Treatment in both Treatment programs (P = 0. 001). However, we were unable to find evidence that subsidization helped retention in the Treatment (P = 0. 389), or that concomitant use of illegal substances in clients on methadone maintenance was lower (P = 0. 500). Based on economic status of clients (P = 0. 05) their criminal record (P = 0. 001), length of use of substances (P = 0. 05), and comorbid psychiatric conditions (P = 0. 05), it was evident that assignment to subsidization in methadone maintenance services was significantly more reasonable, while it was almost random in abstinence-based residential facilities assignment. Conclusions: The current model of substance use Treatment subsidization is not efficient. Addiction severity subscales and socioeconomic status of clients could be considered appropriate factors for assignment to the subsidization program.