Background: Primary malignant neoplasms of the Trachea are very rare and there is limited information available on this subject. Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a slow-growing malignant Tracheal tumor and the best method of treatment is surgical resection. This study was conducted to evaluate patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the Trachea who underwent surgical treatment.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 9 patients treated for adenoid cystic carcinoma from 1995 to 2007 at the Mashhad Ghaem Hospital and Tehran Imam Khomeini Hospital were assessed.Results: There were 9 patients (3 males and 6 females) with a mean age of 56.3 years. Dyspena and stridor were the most common presenting symptoms (88.8%). All patients underwent rigid bronchoscopy and biopsy. The most common site of involvement was the lower third of Trachea (44.4%); 77.7% of patients underwent surgical resection. Death occurred in one patient after Tracheal resection due to aspiration pneumonia (14.2%). Postoperative radiotherapy was performed in 28.4% of patients because of positive surgical margin and in 22.2% due to inappropriate location of the tumor after bronchoscopic ablation. During a three-year follow up, one patient (11.1%) had tumor recurrence. Resection with post-operative radiotherapy was performed for him. The three-year survival was 88.8%.Conclusion: Because of the nature of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the Trachea, surgical resection is the best method of treatment. But if surgical margins are positive post-operative radiotherapy will be necessary. In patients who are not candidates for resection, radiotherapy can be an effective alternative treatment.

Introduction: Carcinoid Tumor in Trachea is rare, and in 25% is asymptomatic. Cough is the most common symptom and some times have similar symptoms such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The best method of treatment is surgical resection and recurrency after resection is rare. In this study we report a 47 year's old man with chronic cough and dyspnea that treated with bronchodilator as COPD but without recovery. In evaluation with chest X. Ray, CT scan and bronchoscopy carcinoid tumor was diagnosed and surgical resection performed. There was no recurrency or complication in 5 years follow-up.

Background: Fungi infection in the upper respiratory tract is rare and often is diagnosed after surgery and histologic survey. In this report, a fungal infection (Mucormycosis) of subglote and Trachea is presented.Case Report: A 24-year-old woman with diabete mellitus with sore throat, hoarseness, respiratory dystress and sever stridore from previous 3 days underwent tracheostomy. White color and caseous secretion from lesion was seen during surgery. The obtained biopsy was assessed by pathologist and the diagnosis was mucormycosis. Then, direct laryngoscopy and complete mass resection surgery was done and the patient was treated by amphotriein B for 6 weeks.Conclusion: In immunocompromised patients, after respiratory system infection the situation is susceptible for fungal appurtenant infection.

Background-Previous studies have demonstrated the relaxant, anticholinergic (functional antagonism) and antihistaminic effects of Nigella sativa on guinea pig Tracheal chains. Mechanisms responsible for the relaxant effect of this plant on Tracheal chains were examined in this study. Methods- The calcium-antagonistic effects of three increment concentrations of the aqueous extracts of Nigella sativa and the calcium channel blocker diltiazem in comparison with saline were tested by measuring the cumulative concentration response curves of CaCl2-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig Tracheal chains in the presence of calcium-free Krebs-Henseleit solution and 60 mM of KCl under each experimental condition (n = 7). Results-A rightward shift in the CaCl2 response curves was obtained in the presence of two different concentrations of diltiazem (1 and 5 یM) and the aqueous extract compared to the saline control curves. The effective concentration of CaCl2 causing 50% of maximum response (EC50) in the presence of two concentrations of aqueous extract and diltiazem was significantly higher than that of saline (p < 0.05 to p < 0.02). However, the maximum response to CaCl2 obtained in the presence of the final concentrations of aqueous extract and diltiazem was lower than of saline (p < 0.05 and p < 0.005 for aqueous extract and diltiazem, respectively). Conclusion-The results suggest a calcium antagonistic effect of N. sativa in isolated Tracheal chains of guinea pigs.

Regarding to the important of Trachea in aves classification and whereas its anatomy and morphology for Trachea doesn’t explain yet.This roesearch performed on the 16 healthy full grown male and female partridge (chukar chukar type) with age average 20 weeks in lorestan. The morphology characteristics which examined were include, body weight, Trachea weight, Length of neak, length of Trachea, the number of Trachea circles, examining the figure of circles, their perfection or imperfection, their longitudinal section figure, overlap, accumulation, arrangement, existence of Anullar ligament.Between circle, the connecting place of SternoTrachealis muscles over the Trachea, the amount of Trachea firmness against finger pressure. the mentional characteristics review by using microstroscop in sections cranial, middling and caudal in each bird separately.Also for distinguishing cartilage or bony tissue of circles choosen some part and painted with Hematoxilin-Eosin. The morphology datas analaysis with T test and Pierson Corollation and the painted slices studying with photic microscopes. All morphology particulary in male were more than female ones, but no one meaningful. partridge Trachea containing between 0.21%- 0.24% of the body weight. There is an important relationship between Trachea weight, body weight, the number of circles with the neak length and Trachea length. Trachea circles in partridge are between 102-114, complete, muscular, circlic ligament, resistant against pressure and in the transversal cut from front to back have elliptical and circlic pattern.

Introduction: Primary malignant neoplasm of Trachea is very rare and there is limited information about them. Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a slow-growing malignant Tracheal tumor and the best method of treatment is surgical resection. This study was conducted for evaluation of patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of Trachea after treatment.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, all patients treated for adenoid cystic carcinoma between 1995 to 2006 in Mashad Ghaem hospital and Tehran Imam Khomeini hospital, were analyzed statistically.Results: Of nine patients, female to male ratio was 2/1, the mean age of patients was (56.3) years, dyspena and stridor were the most common presenting symptoms (88.8%) and CT scan was the best diagnostic imaging method. The most common site of involvement was in lower third of Trachea (44.4%). (77.7%) of patients underwent surgical resection, hospital mortality after Tracheal resection occurred in one patient due to complication (14.2%) aspiration pneumonia. During three years follow up just one patient (11.1%) had tumor recurrence and resection with post operative radiotherapy was performed in this cases overall three-year survival was 88.8%.Conclusion: Because of the nature of adenoid cystic carcinoma in Trachea, surgical resection is the best method of treatment, but if surgical margin is positive, post operative radiotherapy will be necessary. In patients who are not candidates for resection, radiotherapy can be an effective alternative treatment.

In this study, the effects of two boundary conditions: (1) the same flow rate in all outlets and (2) the same static pressure equal to zero in all outlets has been numerically examined in an asymmetrical model of Trachea-bronchial tract. Correspondingly, the effects of the inlet flow rate changes on the flow distribution, flow patterns and the reverse flow zones were studied in breathing rates 12 and 48 lit/min which represent respectively laminar and turbulent flow for a 3D non-planar model of Trachea-bronchial airways consists of 4 generations. The estimation of flow distribution obtained from the second boundary condition was more accurate when compared to the real distribution in the lungs. Using the first boundary condition, the flow distribution did not change when the inlet flow rate was increased. However, for the second boundary condition, little changes revealed. The flow pattern in the lower sections was more complex than the upper sections due to the bifurcations’ curvature that causes the Dean-flow particularly when this curvature is in non-planar to the previous bifurcation. When the second boundary condition was used, the number of generated reverse flow zones was more than the other conditions and increased with increasing the inlet flow rate.