Cancer/Testis antigens (CTAs) as a group of tumor antigens are the novel subjects for developing cancer vaccine and immunotherapy approaches. They aberrantly express in tumors with highest normal expression in testis, and limited or no expression in normal tissues.There are important similarities between the processes of germ-cell and cancer cell development Spermatogenesis begins at puberty when expression of novel cell-surface antigens occurs when the immune system has been refined the ability to distinguish self from non-self. Whereas macrophage and lymphocytes are commonly found within interstitial spaces of the testis, these antigen-presenting cells are rarely seen within the seminiferous tubules. These observations have led to the concept of the immune privileged site for testis. Localized normal expression of the CT genes in testis that makes them immunogenic for immune system, in one side, and their abnormal expression in different kinds of cancer cells, in the other side, has make them as promising target for developing cancer vaccines and new cancer Therapeutics approaches. In malignancies, gene regulation is disrupted which results aberrant expression of CT antigen in a proportion of tumors of various types. For some CTAs, data support their fundamental role in tumorigenesis. Several authors believe it is not clear whether they have an essential role in tumorigenesis or they are by-products of chromatin variations in cancer. There is a growing list of CTAs within them advanced clinical trials are running by using some of them in cancers like lung cancer, malignant melanoma and neuroblastoma. In this review we discuss the gene TSGA10 as an example of CT genes. TSGA10 expresses in its highest levels in elongating spermatids and localized in the fibrous sheath of mature sperm. This gene is proposed as a serological biomarker in cutaneous lymphoma. Its abnormal expression has been reported in different cancers such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, breast, brain, gastrointestinal and a range of other cancers either in mRNA or protein levels. It has an important role in angiogenesis in cancer tumors because of its effects in the gene hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1). Absence or lack of TSGA10 expression has been reported in ascosporic infertile men.

Hereditary pancreatitis (HP)1 is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis and frequent progression to chronic pancreatitis. Recently, mutations in the human cationic trypsinogen (TG-I) have been associated with HP.Three potential markers for inherited pancreatitis have been identified: (PRSS1, SPINK1, TATI).The disease is characterized by recurrent episodes of pancreatitis and frequent presence of calcified stones and an increased cumulative risk of pancreatic cancer in elderly patients with HP.The diagnosis of hereditary pancreatitis is based upon radiographic testing in the appropriate clinical setting.This study is a presentation of four cases of hereditary pancreatitis from one family.Conservative treatment is advised in acute phase of pancreatitis. Prescribing of antioxidants (such as vitamin C and E), low fat diet and endoscopic sphinctrotomy (ES) and surgery may be useful as Therapeutics or preventive measures.

Background and Objective: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that occurs as a consequence of decrease in insulin secretion or resistance to insulin. Most diabetes related treatments have problems with adverse reactions. Natural Therapeutics have been in use from long time ago up to present time. Ginseng is a traditional drug used for treatment of many dieses particularly diabetes. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of oral Ginseng on the serum glucose and other biochemical parameters such as lipid profile. Materials and Methods: In this study 30 male rats with a body weight of 250±25 gr and age of 4-6 months was used. Each animal was housed under controlled temperature (21+_2 C) and standard conditions with free access to food and water. Blood test was carried out to measure glucoses and other biochemical parameters such as cholesterol, TG, ALT, AST and BUN. Animals were equally divided into three groups; 1-control group, 2-the STZ-induced-diabetes (60 mg/kg) group, 3- the STZ-induced-diabetes (60 mg/kg) and150 mg/kg oral ginseng. The study was lasted for 6 weeks. Blood samples were taken and tested for glucoses and other parameters.Results: The average blood sugar in the control group was 131.1±7.9 mg/dl, but it was higher than 550mg/dl in streptozocine- received group. In group 3, which received ginseng, blood sugar decreased up to 50%. Cholestrol decreased up to 40% in the treatment group. Among the measured parameters HDL showed a 50%decrease in treatment group in comparison with diabetic group. AST and ALT values between the control and treatment groups did not show a significant difference. BUN values decreased from 71.6±6.6 in diabetic group to 50.1±5.7 mg dl in the treatment group. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that ginseng can be considered as a substance which decreases blood glucoses, reduces diabetes adverse reactions, and consequently diminishing blood lipids in animal model. However, to apply these results to human, further studies are needed to be carried out.

Introduction: To date, a growing number of advanced anticancer nanomedicines (e.g., DoxilÒ, LipoxalÒ, DepoCyteÒ) have entered into different phases of clinical trials. However, most of these medicaments fail to differentiate between diseased and normal cells. They also do not have capability of real time monitoring of disease status trough on-demand imaging/sensing of target molecule (s). Multifunctional nanomedicines and theranostics can resolve such limitations, while formulation of these advanced seamless systems appear to involve various sophisticated process, exploiting several bioconjugations.Methods: Recent works upon multifunctional nanomedicines for simultaneous imaging and therapy of cancer have been systematically reviewed, focusing on surface modification and application of advanced nanobiomaterials.Results: Ultimate therapy of malignancies, as complex systems, demands implementation of seamless nanosystems (NSs) that can specifically target the cancerous cells and smartly deliver the anticancer agent (s) into the desired target site. Engineering of such NSs requires in-situ coordination of various technologies (e.g., synthesis, surface modification and bioconjugation) in order to achieve improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics outcomes.Conclusion: Seamless multimodal NSs have potential to simultaneously target and monitor the tumor cells through homing and imaging/sensing devices and deliver the therapeutic agents. However, to achieve superior pharmacokinetics with maximal efficacy and minimal side effects, these advanced NSs need to become much more intelligent to sense the disease condition and liberate Therapeutics on demand.

Introduction: Negative symptoms in schizophrenia are among the most important barriers against rehabilitation of such patients. Apply of appropriate drugs for reducing such symptoms and take help from psychosocial treatments, especially social skills training in accompany with other facilities of Community psychiatry can play key role in resolution of this problem. In this paper after some discussion about negative symptoms and grasping a better insight about them and their current treatments, we will survey a research as regards the prevalence of such symptoms in one hundred schizophrenic patients hospitalized in Razi psychiatric center and their relation with variables such as age, sex and longitudinal duration of illness. Materials and method: One hundred, randomly chosen, schizophrenic patients, half male and half female, from acute and chronic wards, were estimated with SANS Questionnaire as regards to their negative symptoms. Then the relation of these findings with aforementioned variables has been surveyed. Results: prevalence of negative symptoms has been from 86% to 99% and severe ones too from 30%to 55%.No patient were free from such symptoms. As regards to quantity and severity, theses percentile is definitely more than ones which had been printed in Kaplan-sadock textbook of psychiatry. The most sever ones were in chronic female ward, and the least sever ones in the acute female ward. No statistical relation has found between negative symptoms and age sex and duration of illness. Conclusion: Extensive prevalence of negative symptoms among schizophrenic patients in this center and their severity show the unfortunate circumstances of such patients and necessitates appropriate Therapeutics methods for reducing such symptoms and increasing their capacities for more independent living in family and community.

Background and objectives: in the recent century, one of the most important problems and difficulties among families is anger that can be the origin of numbers mental disorders. Emotional and cyclothmic disorders are the most common representation of premenstrual syndrome. Therefore the researcher has tired to achieve a study with the aim of determining relationship between variables of anger and severe (density) premenstrual syndrome.Materials & Methods: this research (survey) is a descriptive- analytic study. The case study includes 152 high school students, who through sampling method- multi-stages. By the classification, cluster and random method, were selected. In order to collect the data, we use a evaluation form of signs, before premenstrual for surveying the rate of outbreak and severe (density) signs. Also, we used a standard Staxi questionnaire, in order to survey experience and presentation of anger.Findings: the results of this research indicated that 54.7% units of those researched suffer from premenstrual syndrome. From the point of relationship of variables of anger with sever of signs premenstrually the results showed that among anger-in, trend to anger and sever (destiny/violent) of anger on the time of testing with severe signs premenstrually is a meaningful relationship, (but) between variable of control of anger and anger – out with sever of signs premenstrual syndrome has no meaningful relationship. These results also showed that unit (attacked) by premenstrual syndrome, in comparison to units without syndrome, meaningfully, in sub set of severs of anger during the test, trend to anger, anger-in and anger– out have acquired high (degrees).Conclusion: Regarding the high spread a of anger among adolescents, and its relation to disorder of premenstrual syndrome, the necessity of attention to health and mental health of premenstrual synorme, the necessity of attention to health and mental health of a addescents, nationally has been revealed. In respect to findings of recent research, (responsible), of education system and families, have an important task, that to choose plans, tranining in field of premenstrual syndrome, and the effective factors on premenstrual syndrome and methods of Therapeutics. This disorder will help with hygiene and health of adolescents.

Background and Objective: Low glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) diet as a Therapeutics object to management of postprandial glycemia and hyperinsulinemia, reduces risk of cardiovascular disease development in type II diabetic patients. Accordingly, this study design to determine glycemic Index and glycemic load intake of type II diabetic patients and their correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors.Material and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 65 (20 male and 45 female) type II diabetic patients that referred to endocrinal glands and metabolism clinic of Sina hospital in Tabriz, participated. Weight and height were measured and body mass index was calculated. Fasting venous blood sample were obtained for measuring glucose, lipid profile and insulin concentrations and Systolic- and diastolic blood pressure were measured. Nutritional intake was determined using three day-24 hour diet recall. Dietary average GI and GL was also calculated.Results: Mean of GI and GL were %59.0±3.5 and 112.5±79.6 g, respectively. Glycemic index only showed positive correlation with glucose level (r=0.28, P<0.05) and systolic blood pressure (r=0.26, P<0.05). Glycemic index correlated with Systolic blood pressure (r =0.29, P<0.05) and glycemic load correlated with triglyceride concentration (r=0.39, P<0.05) in women, respectively.Conclusion: In this study, glycemic index correlate with glucose concentration and systolic blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure and triglyceride concentration correlated with glycemic index and glycemic load in women, respectively. So low GI and GL diet suggest to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in these patients.

Introduction: The aim of this review is to provide an update on the current management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and targeted molecular therapy for metatstatic RCC. Materials and Methods: A Pubmed database search was performed using the keywords renal cell carcinoma, treatment, management, localized disease, metastatic disease and targeted therapy covering 1995 to 2006. The most recent articles published having clinical relevance were reviewed for the preparation of this paper. Results: Surgery is considered as the only curative treatment for localized RCC. Currently, open radical nephrectomy is mainly performed in patients with large tumor size, locally advanced tumors and tumor thrombus extending into the vena cava. Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) is the most commonly performed procedure with excellent local cancer control in small, resectable renal tumors. Increasingly, laparoscopy is being performed and now recommended for early-stage RCCs unsuitable for NSS. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy seems to be providing long-term cancer control comparable to open radical nephrectomy. Laparoscopic NSS is now available particularly in patients with a relatively small and peripheral renal tumor. The current therapy for metastatic RCC is inadequate and surgery is an important component of the treatment with combined immunotherapy in which response rates remain at about 15% to 25%. In the past several years, significant advances in the underlying biological mechanisms of RCC development have permitted the design of new molecularly targeted Therapeutics such as antibodies, tumor vaccines, anti-angiogenesis agents and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors in order to improve treatment options. Conclusion: Surgery is the only curative treatment for localized RCC and NSS cures most of the patients with early-stage disease. Currently laparoscopy is recommended for early-stage RCCs unsuitable for NSS Better understanding of the molecular pathways of carcinogenesis in RCC leads to the discovery of new drugs which can prolong survival in metastatic RCC.  

Background: Migraine headache prophylaxis is important for reduction of burden of disease. There are different Therapeutics for this matter with various efficacies. Hence, this study was performed to determine the prophylactic efficacy of venlafaxine versus nortriptyline in migrainous patients.Materials and methods: In this open-label randomized clinical trial, 120 consecutive migrainous patients attending to Azad University hospitals in Tehran in 2013 and 2014 were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either venlafaxine 37.5 mg twice a day or nortriptyline 25 mg per day for three months. Efficacy (50% reduction in severity, duration, and frequency of headache) was determined and compared across the groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS software by Chi- square, independent t test, and if need exact Fisher test. P- value< 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Reduction of frequency, duration, and severity of migraine attacks was better controlled by venlafaxine, but not in a significant manner (P> 0.05). Also the therapeutic adverse effects were similar across the groups (P> 0.05).Conclusion: Totally, it may be concluded both venlafaxine and nortriptyline have more than fifty percent efficacy for migraine prophylaxis, but their efficacies are similar and also both drugs are more than ninety percent safe.

Background and the purpose of the study: Angiotensin II (Ang II) other than acting as a vasopressor hormone has pro-inflammatory properties. Since angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is present in inflamed synovial membrane, in this study the effect of enalapril in modulation of inflammation and cytokine production in experimental induced chronic arthritis was investigated. Methods: Chronic joint inflammation was induced by antigen-induced arthritis method in rabbits and enalapril was given orally (7.5mg/kg/day) two weeks before (prophylaxis group) or two weeks after (treatment group) induction. Serum of arthritis's ACE activity was measured by HPLC, pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1b & IL-8 were measured in synovial fluid, and histology of knee joints was assessed in both groups. Results: Results revealed that enalapril reduced ACE activity in serum significantly (P=0.004), had no effect on IL-8 of synovial fluid and reduced the IL-1b production (P<0.05). Histological results revealed a significant reduction in villous hyperplasia and pannus formation (P<0.05 in both groups). While in prophylaxis group no bone erosion was observed and the cartilage was either intact or slightly invaded by synoviocytes, in non-treated group the cartilage was mostly invaded. Conclusion: Enalapril reduces production of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1b and severity of joint damage in chronic arthritis and may have Therapeutics benefits in inflammatory joint diseases.