Background: Osteochondritis dissecans (OD) is a syndrome that can be characterized as a non-infectious disturbance of enchondral ossification or as a post-traumatic event. OD occurs in the joint cartilage and physis of long bones, as well as in the Talus. The medial femoral condyle is the most commonly affected site. OD of the weight-bearing, inferocentral portion of medial femoral condyle is an uncommon, but still challenging issue in knee surgery. Materials and Methods: This study reports one surgeon's experience in the treatment of OD of the weight-bearing surface of the medial femoral condyle in adult patients. A total of 29 knees in 28 patients with OD were reviewed as the basis of this study. Four patients were women and 24 men. The mean age was 29.5 Years. Patients were observed for an average of 2 years after surgery. Medial joint line tenderness, anterior knee pain, stiffiness and locking were the major complaints in 60% of cases, Arthroscopic excision of loose bodies with or without drilling of the crater and fixation of the lesions with 2 K.-wires, with or without bone grafting, was undertaken for the patients.Results: In our study, the clinical outcome was excellent in 11 patients, good in 13, fair in four, poor in one. Arthroscopic internal fixation using two smooth K-wires in 12 cases resulted in an excellent knee in 10 cases and good in 2. All patients reported marked improvement and satisfaction with the surgery. Conclusion: Prognosis for knee function is poor when the OD defect involves a large area of weight bearing surface. Arthroscopic treatment is beneficial in all types of OD lesions. For the lesions of similar size, the stage of OD determines the treatment outcome.

BACKGROUND: As regards the role of the hind limb in propulsion, it is obvious that the tarsus forms a powerful center movement, it begins upon the point of the hock that the powerful extensor muscles which propel the body exert much of their energy. Tarsus injuries of water buffalo are the commonest limb joint disorders. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to an access accurate detailed osteology and radiology of tarsus Khuzestan river buffaloes. METHODS: Ten joints of the five water buffaloes aged approximately two to three years were obtained from Ahvaz abattoir. In addition, the ten normal tarsal joints of five water buffaloes referred to the clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine were examined radiographically. Radiographic examination was performed in dorsoplantar, lateromedial, dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique and plantarolateral-dorsomedial oblique, and flexed lateral projections. RESULTS: Unlike the dromedary camel, the general configuration of river buffalo tarsal bones and cow shares many similarities; however, there are concrete differences between buffalo and ox on the shape and extension of articular surfaces of tarsal bones. Unlike the ox, the metatarsal sesamoid bone was not noted radiographically in water buffalo, similar to that in horse and dromedary camel. The dorsoplantar view was optimal for the evaluation of articular surfaces and joint spaces of tarsocrural as well as the intratarsal joints. The dorsoplantar view was the best for evaluation of joint spaces of tarsocrural as well as the intratarsal joints, the lateromedial view for talocalcaneal joint, the dorsolateral-plantaromedial view for medial aspect of the tarsocrural joint, and the plantarolateral-dorsomedial view for the plantar aspect of the sustentaculum tali and the lateral trochlea of the Talus. CONCLUSIONS: The normal appearance of bony structures of tarsus described in this study provided basic reference data for radiographic investigations of the water buffalo tarsal disorders. ___________________________________

The tarsal joint is anatomically complex region with many short bones, joints, ligaments, and tendons. The joint lesions of the water buffalo limbs are the most commen lesion encountred in the clinics. In addtion, the tarsal joint is a region of trumatic injuries, and joint affections due to lack of approrpoite soft- tissues covering. The aim of the study was to access complete and accurate detailed anatomical featuers of ligaments of the tarsal joint in Khuzestan river buffalo. The right and left of the pelvic limbs (cut from the one-third part of the distal part of the tibia to the one-third of the proximal part of the metatarsus) were obtained from five river buffalo bulls, aging approximatly 2-3 years old, from Ahvaz slaughterhouse. The short tarsal bones were located between of the distal extremity of the tibia, malleolus of the fibular bone proximally and the metatarsal bones distally. The bony structures of the tarsal joint consisted of calcaneus, Talus (proximal row), centroquartal bones (intermediate row), the first and fused second and third tarsal bones (distal row). The ligaments of the tarsal joint included of 1) lig. collaterale laterale/ mediale longum, 2) lig. collaterale laterale breve: pars calcaneofibularis, pars talofibularis, pars calcaneometatarsea, 3) lig. collaterale mediale breve: pars tibiocalcanea, pars tibiotalaris, pars tibiocentralis, 4) ligg. tarsi proximale: lig. talocalcaneum laterale, lig. talocalcaneum plantare, 5) ligg. tarsi distalia: lig. tarsi dorsi: lig. talocentrodistometatarseum; lig. tarsi plantaria: lig. plantaria longum; lig. tarsi interossea, and 6) lig. tarsometatarsea. In comprative-anatomical aspect, the pars talofibularis of lig. collaterale laterale breve, the pars tibiotalaris and pars tibiocentralis of lig. collaterale mediale breve, lig. talocentrodistometatarseum, and lig. plantaria longum of the present studied river bufaloes differ from those of reoprted ruminants animals.

This essay discusses geomorphologic specifications of the slopes in Soleghan road (trom Zar , Bridge to Soleghan), west Tehran. From geomorphological point of view some parts of this road are dangerous. The main aims of this essay are: to determine the measures taken on the slopes and Soleghan road, to assess their general applicability, and to identify slopes instability as well as the priority of the measures to be taken in order to assess any risk for the road and the people. Specific objectives are related to the distribution of slopes phenomena including rock fall, collapse, debris fall, topple fall, block slide, rock creep, Talus creep, debris flow, debris slump, rock avalanches in three forms of vertical, lateral and diagonal, and knowing about their causes and mechanisms.Hazards of Road and slopes phenomena of this region are also discussed in the essay. Any use of slopes in Soleghan road depends on factors such as: I- Making people and decision makers aware of the likely dangers.2- Updating hazard information of slops phenomena and Soleghan road3- Continual investigation by geomorphological engineers.The slopes forms must be a matter of concern to anyone living in this region.Slopes are steep and the mean annual precipitation is probably over 350 milimeters and there is seasonal freezing. Most of the land in the region is 30 to 45 degrees steep. The importance of rapid slope breaks in the region is undoubtedly great. At the IS to 45 degrees steep rock fall, collapse, debris fall, topple fall and slump are frequently seen. Reduction of strength in the rock occurs by weathering, swelling, tracture development, removal of cement and softening of material by increased ice and water content. Earth materials are increasingly crumbling by the development of joints in the slops.

Although the exact incidence of flatfoot in children is unknown, it is very common and is, in fact, one of the most common conditions seen in pediatric orthopedic practices. All children are born with flat feet, and more than 30% of neonates have a calcaneovalgus deformity of both feet. This condition is not painful and generally resolves without treatment; very rarely is corrective casting necessary. For the pediatrician evaluating flatfoot, it is important to differentiate between flexible and nonflexible (rigid) flatfoot, and to classify the condition as painful or painless. Most children who present to a pediatrician for evaluation of flatfoot will have a flexible flatfoot that does not require treatment. On the other hand, other conditions that do require treatment, such as congenital vertical Talus, tarsal coalition, and skew-foot often present as nonflexible flatfoot. Surgical management is rarely indicated for a true flexible flatfoot. The longitudinal arch of the foot is not present at birth and slowly develops during childhood, usually by about age five or six. It is a process that occurs throughout growth and is not affected by the presence or absence of external arch support. Sometimes the arch takes even longer to take shape, but this still usually does not cause any problems. A variety of tendon transfers and reconstructive procedures have been advocated, but none has proved uniformly successful. Nor have any of the various types of supports ever been shown to change the arch architecture. It should be borne in mind that painful flexible flat foot requires treatment, often with several types of shoe inserts and supports and as a last resort by operative procedures. Although parents are often concerned about pediatric flatfoot, the child is usually found to be asymptomatic, and no treatment is indicated. In most instances, the best treatment is simply taking enough time to convince the family that no treatment is necessary.

Introduction Sand ramps are a kind of sedimentary accumulation found at the foot of the slopes of some desert and semi- desert region in the world. Sand banked up against mountain fronts or other topographical obstacle, forming a ramp (Bertram, 2003). For this reason they called sand ramps. The land form among the people of central of Iran is called Kuh-e-Rig, means a mountain of sands. Until the early 90s, sand ramps they was considered as sand dune. But more exactly studying showed despite more materials of sand ramps are sands, but there are huge differences between sand ramps and sand dune in terms of form, materials, and processes. Despite researches in the past, Sand ramps not form just only by Aeolian processes, but another geomorphological processes such as fluvial and colluvium processes. In fact, sands mound up against mountain slopes. Thus they may be seen as a falling or climbing deposits. Therefore, they are actually very complex landform and different of another sand dunes. Sand ramps contain a "variety of sediments formed in different environment including Aeolian, fluvial and Talus deposits" (Bertram, 2003). The aim of this research is studying of sand ramps of Tange-Chenar Catchment located in the south of Mehriz city in the Yazd province. The study region is located in the west slopes of Shirkuh mountain with more than 4000 meters high between 31° 18’ to 31° 26’ of northern latitudes and 54° 18’ to 54° 29’ of eastern longitudes...

Geomorphodiversity Investigation of Damavand volcano and its surroundings based on the GmI Index Extended Abstract Introduction Geomorphodiversity defined as “ the critical and specific assessment of the geomorphological features of a territory, by comparing them in an extrinsic and in intrinsic way, taking into account the scale of investigation, the purpose of the research and the level of scientific quality” . Area with high geomorphodiversity can provide a wide range of services, including provisioning (food products), regulating (erosion regulation) and supporting (land and water as a platform for human activities). The geomorphodiversity of Damavand volcano and its surroundings require special attention to identification, management and conservation, prevent degradation and construction in vulnerable areas. Promoted recognition of Geomorphodiversity can provide useful information about the management of geomorphological heritage and how to better protect them against destructive human activities and environmental hazards. Also, the preparation of Geomorphodiversity maps, the identification of areas with high potential for regional development and geotourism, provide comprehensive information for designers, planners and responsible organizations in these areas and create solutions for the environmental complexities of the study area; therefore The main objective of the present study is identification and quantitative assessment of geomorphodiversity and the preparation of geomorphodiversity maps of the study area. Methodology Damavand volcano was inscribed as Iran's first natural property in the national heritage list at the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization on July 3, 2008. The data of this research include geology, drainage network, slope, roughness and landforms, which are related to the evolution of the physical landscape of the study area. Landsat satellite imagery, thematic maps, DEM10 meter, etc. are used to achieve the goals. In this study, geomorphodiversity quantitative index has been used for analyzing the results and the results has been validated by comparing with geomorphology map and field control. Geomorphodiversity index (GMI) is presented by Melelli et al. (2017). The value of geomorphodiversity is calculated from the sum of five factors including geological diversity, drainage network density diversity, roughness diversity, slope position index diversity, landform category diversity. All of them are grids of different terrain parameters. Results and discussion In the geomorphodiversity of the study area, the V1 class is 1. 05%, V2, 25. 84%, V3, 37. 17%, V4, 22. 14% and V5, 4. 84% of the total area of the region. Distribution of geomorphodiversity of the study area is mainly related to the topography condition; the lowest value of the geomorphodiversity (V1) is related to the Damavand volcano cone, especially the lava plain in the northwest. The highest value of geomorphodiversity (V5) extends along the valley of Haraz, where different types of geomorphological processes are meeting, such as fluvial, glacial, hillslope, igneous, tectonic and etc. In other words, increasing the value of geomorphodiversity along the Haraz valley can be interpreted as a result of the frequency of the geomorphological processes presence. Validation results also showed that there is a good correlation between the geomorphodiversity index value, the number of different types of landforms and the average number of landforms. The most extensive area with the lowest value of geomorphodiversity is located in the northwest of Damavand and in the Sardagh plain. Along the Haraz valley, which has the highest geomorphodiversity, there are different types of landforms, including river terraces, lake terraces, landslide, Talus, basaltic prisms, deep valleys, travertine landforms, high channel density and so on. In general, in the study area, the high value of geomorphodiversity is mainly located at the meeting place of Damavand volcanic lava with rivers. Conclusion The geomorphodiversity of Damavand volcano and its surroundings are one of the most important fortunes in the region. Geomorphological landforms have been maximized in these areas and offer a unique geomorphological complex. The geomorphological landforms density in these areas are maximized and provide a unique geomorphological collection. Areas with high geomorphodiversity are rich and unique collection of different types of landforms and geomorphological processes that require special attention for geotourism, scientific-educational, national and world heritage, geopark, and so on. In addition, the determination of areas with high geomorphodiversity is another way to promoting geomorphological heritage; In other words, geomorphodiversity are the backbone for identifying and assessing geomorphological heritage for various purposes of geotourism, national and world heritage, geopark, conservation of geomorphological heritage. To ensure that the values of these areas can be preserved for current and future generations, managing and conserving them is very important. Nevertheless, studies of geomorphodiversity are at an early stage and need more help and reflection by geomorphologists in collaboration with other researchers in the Earth sciences.