Osteoid osteoma is an osteoblastic tumor and account for 10 to 15 % of the all benign bone tumors. Femur and tibia are the most frequent sites of involvement, although it may arise in any bone. The main symptom is pain, worse at night which is relived by aspirin or other NSAIDS. The typical radiological finding is a small radiolucent area of 5 to 10 mm in diameter called nidus surrounded by a dense and hypersclerotic reactive Bone. This tumor is not common in the foot and most reported cases have been in the Talus and calcaneus, with atypical findings. Osteoid osteoma of the metatarsal bone is rare, and only 5 cases are reported in the literature, mostly diagnosed late and presented as an inflammatory disorder, with atypical radiological signs.  In this report a 22 years old man presented with a history of chronic pain of the left foot and radiological finding were compatible with osteaiod osteoma of the 5th metatarsal. The pain was relieved following curettage and resection of the nidus.

Considering the effects of geological environments of natural aggregates accumulation on the weight loss rate of aggregates resulted from freezing-thawing, the relationship between geological environments and the weight loss rate of aggregates has been investigated in this study. The lithology of upstream catchment was the same (thick Asmari limestone) for all aggregates samples. Samples were gathered from 2 Taluses, 12 fans and 3 river beds. Samples were transferred to laboratory and then the weight loss rate (in accordance with tex-432-A standard) and the jointing intensity were measured. Based on the results, colluvial environments (Taluses) have the highest weight loss rate (14% for size of 16-19 mm) and river environments have the lowest weight loss rate (less than 1% for size of 2. 36-4. 75 mm). The aggregates of alluvial fans have the intermediate amount compared to two previous environments. In alluvial fan aggregates, the weight loss rate decreases when the area and length of main stream of catchments increases. Also, aggregates size affects the weight loss rate so that increase in the size of aggregate causes the rise in weight loss. Relationship between aggregate size and weight loss rate is affected by geological environments. The difference of weight loss between fine and coarse aggregates is high in Talus environments as well as alluvial fans with small catchments, while it is less in river beds and fans with large catchments. In fact, the size effect of aggregate on weight loss decreases or eliminated in river beds and fans.

The Sarvak Formation is one of the most important carbonate reservoirs of Iran. The main objective of this study is to evaluate reservoir quality of the formation by integration of petrographic studies and core porosity-permeability data in three key wells in a giant oilfield of the Abadan Plain, SW Iran. Petrographic studies led to the identification of 13 microfacies that are grouped into three main facies belts including lagoon, shoal, and open marine (Talus and slope) which deposited in an isolated carbonate platform. The main diagenetic processes affecting the Sarvak Formation are micritization, bioturbation, recrystallization, dissolution, cementation, physical and chemical compaction, dolomitization and silicification, along with fracturing. According to the results, the reservoir quality of the Sarvak reservoir is a function of both primary depositional facies and secondary diagenetic processes. Evaluation of impacts of depositional facies on reservoir quality indicated that the rudist-bearing intervals (especially rudist debris zones) have high reservoir quality. Dissolution and cementation are the most pervasive diagenetic processes affecting the formation, and occurred due to widespread meteoric diagenesis. Dissolution and fracturing are the chief factors that lead to the improvement of porosity-permeability, whilst calcite cementation and compaction have destructed reservoir quality of the studied interval. This study may assist better understand and the geological parameters controlling reservoir quality of Sarvak Formation in the Abadan Plain oilfields.

Background: Persistent instability following an acute lateral ankle sprain has been reported to vary in incidence from 15% to 48%. Surgery is indicated when conservative management fails to produce a satisfactory functional outcome. Associated intraarticular lesions of Talus or extraarticualr lesions like peroneus Brevis tendon injuries can impact the functional outcome of lateral ankle reconstruction. The aim of this study was to report our short-term experience and treatment of concomitant lesions in chronic lateral ankle instability.Methods: 18 patients, aged 21 to 45 years with recurrent ankle sprain and lateral ankle instability who had not responded to at least 3 months conservative treatment and had underwent direct lateral ligament repair were studied. All the patients received ankle arthroscopy and exploration of peroneus Brevis tendon before repair of anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments with 14 months (6-22 months) follow-ups. The cases were evaluated by American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score.Results: The mean duration of injury was 19 months. In the diagnostic ankle arthroscopy, 6 patients had some degree of talar chondral lesions, two requiring shaving and drilling. Preoperatively, all patients had poor scores (<50).Postoperatively, 14 (79%) ankles obtained excellent and 4 (21%) good scores.Conclusion: Chronic lateral ankle instability is often associated with concomitant injuries to peroneus Brevis and talar cartilage. Direct repair of anterior talofibular and calcanofibular ligaments is an effective procedure.

The important geomorphic phenomena that have been observed on slopes of the study region and are regarded as one of the main features of instability in slopes, is the occurrence of the debris flows. The dominance of the harsh climate in high areas, the abundance of moisture and the nightly temperature decrease, the sedimentary rocks and the volcanic rocks of the Tertiary Era have been eroded strongly so that we can observe Talus debris on the rocky slopes of the area. The depth of the erosion in debris flows is an important indicator for recognition of the characteristics of the debris flows and the appreciation of the old debris from the new ones. Old debris is located in lower heights, while the typical debris flows are produced in high areas. The dimension of the debris flows in the southern slopes of Ghaieh Dagh and then on northern slopes of Cherkin Dagh are very diverse regarding the special vocational conditions, geological structure, the heigh, geological dip, topography and other dominant processes. In terms of the extension of debris flows and their presence in all slopes they are regarded as one of the important indicators of instability of slopes in geomorphic evolution in this area. This feature has higher potential compared to other slope geomorphic evolution. Using topographic and geologic maps and the direct measurements in the field with the aim of the recognition of the producing factors these features are studied.

Background and Objective: Knowing the incidence of congenital extremity malformations in the neonates is important for which in the case of unrecognizd may lead to disability. There is not a definite data with respect of prevalence of congenital anomalies in Ahvaz, Iran. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of congenital anomalies in two referral teaching hospitals. Subjects and Methods: This prospective study was performed with association of paediatric group, over a year from 2006 to 2007. All live births with a gestationl age of 28-42 weeks were evaluated for congenital abnormalities of the upper and lower limbs. Results: A total of 5087 live births were delivered by vaginal and cesarean section. Thirty newborns had abnormality in upper or lower extremities (5.89/1000 live births). Among of these newborns, congenital clubfoot in 12 (M=7, F=5) newborn, hip dysplasia in 10 (F=8 , M=2), hand polydactyly in 3 (F=1, M=2), metatarsus adductus in 2 female, bilateral hand and foot in 1 female, polydactyly in 1 female, hand syndactyly in 1 male and vertical Talus in 1 male were observed. Conclusion: careful and frequent examination of the neonates is necessary to detect any congenital abnormality of the limbs in particular for newborns with developmtal dysplasia or clubfoot in which the anomaly may be missed by initial examination or when their parents are not aware of the possible anomaly.

The Qom Formation (Oligo-Miocen) is the most important hydrocarbon source in central Iran. Deposition of the Qom Formation in Band-e-Amir section in northwest of Saveh was studied for stratigraghy survey, facies analyze and environmental interpretation. The studied area was located in structural-sedimentary zone in central Iran. The Qom Formation has a lot of facies variations. At the time of transgression, gypsum and marl were deposited and at the time of regression, limestone and marl were sedimented. Therefore, in most areas, the Qom Formation can have alternation of marl and limestone with intercalations of gypsiferous marl and gypsum. This formation has important role as a reservoir rock, source rock and cap rock. Band e Amir Section in northwest of Saveh have 198 meter of thickness. Assessment of thin sections of The Qom Formation in Band-e-Amir section led to recognition of three facies groups related to lagoon (A), barrier (B) and open marine environments. Lagoonal facies consists of packstone and wackestone textures. Reef facies have formed coral boundstones and barrier deposits. Open marine facies have shown turbidity and basinal characteristics. Lack of inertidal facies and abundance of Talus and turbidity facies are the characteristics of the Qom Formation in the studied area. Assessment of lateral and vertical changes of facies show that the Qom Formation in Band-e-Amir section were deposited in a carbonate Rimed shelf.

BACKGROUND: As regards the role of the hind limb in propulsion, it is obvious that the tarsus forms a powerful center movement, it begins upon the point of the hock that the powerful extensor muscles which propel the body exert much of their energy. Tarsus injuries of water buffalo are the commonest limb joint disorders. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to an access accurate detailed osteology and radiology of tarsus Khuzestan river buffaloes. METHODS: Ten joints of the five water buffaloes aged approximately two to three years were obtained from Ahvaz abattoir. In addition, the ten normal tarsal joints of five water buffaloes referred to the clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine were examined radiographically. Radiographic examination was performed in dorsoplantar, lateromedial, dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique and plantarolateral-dorsomedial oblique, and flexed lateral projections. RESULTS: Unlike the dromedary camel, the general configuration of river buffalo tarsal bones and cow shares many similarities; however, there are concrete differences between buffalo and ox on the shape and extension of articular surfaces of tarsal bones. Unlike the ox, the metatarsal sesamoid bone was not noted radiographically in water buffalo, similar to that in horse and dromedary camel. The dorsoplantar view was optimal for the evaluation of articular surfaces and joint spaces of tarsocrural as well as the intratarsal joints. The dorsoplantar view was the best for evaluation of joint spaces of tarsocrural as well as the intratarsal joints, the lateromedial view for talocalcaneal joint, the dorsolateral-plantaromedial view for medial aspect of the tarsocrural joint, and the plantarolateral-dorsomedial view for the plantar aspect of the sustentaculum tali and the lateral trochlea of the Talus. CONCLUSIONS: The normal appearance of bony structures of tarsus described in this study provided basic reference data for radiographic investigations of the water buffalo tarsal disorders.

During last ten years I have been one the guest speakers who presented the principles of foot and ankle radiology in details since 2006-2015 in Iranian Congress Radiology. In this presentation I am focusing on one the specific problems of the foot which is very common practice in the field of radiology and orthopaedic surgery. Chronic foot pain has a broad spectrum of potential causes and imaging studies play a key role in diagnosis and management. Chronic foot pain is acommonand often disabling clinical complaint that can interfere with a patient’ s routine activities. Despite careful and detailed clinical history and physical examination, providing an accurate diagnosis is often difficult. Imaging studies play a critical role in diagnosis and management. Initial assessment is typically done by plain radiography; but magnetic resonance imaging has superior soft-tissue contrast resolution and multiplanar capability, which makes it important in the early diagnosis of difficult cases when initial radiographic findings are unclear. Computed tomography displays bony detail in stress fractures, as well as in tarsal coalition. Bone scanning and ultra-sonography also are useful procedures for diagnosing specific conditions that produce chronic foot pain. Plain X-ray is an important diagnostic technique in the initial evaluation of patients with chronic foot pain. It is the most commonly used modality because of its wide availability and low cost. Radiography using the oblique view shows articulation of the Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, and Cuboid bones, and it can be helpful in patients with foot pain who have no obvious diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can play a significant role in making a precise diagnosis, guiding treatment decisions, and determining response to therapy. Bone scanning, ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT) also are useful procedures in the diagnosis of specific conditions.

Volcanic cones are important and effective landforms, which have a close relationship with crust structures such as Faults, Folds, etc. "Buhluldaghi" Situated 20km north of Tabriz Based on tectonic units and situated in the Alborz-Azarbaijan subzone. The study area is one of the tectonically active regions with faults, earthquakes, landslides and particularly volcanic effects. Which indicate the susceptibility of this area to natural hazards? One of the requirements to deal with these risks is to the identify the forms of the earth surface in order to understand the nature, causes and its geomorphological effects, that can provide the basis for planning a better life for human beings. In this study, the nature, etiology, and the impact of Buhlul Dome on the morphology of Tabriz region was studied using fieldwork and library methods. In this context, the tools such as topography and geology maps, aerial and satellite images as well as experimental data were employed. The findings of the objective observations and library analysis has presented that stretching and compressional motions of the Azerbaijan active tectonic, which is due to convergence of Eurasia and Arabian Continental plates, especially in polio– Quaternary, resulted in deep breaking and intense faulting of the region, and provided the condition for magma exit from weak crust structured points. This dome is induced from fault lines which are drawn parallel to north Tabriz fault. This cone has not only changed the pattern of drainage area by with drawl of Miocene sedimentary layers but also acted as a resource for the production of downstream sediment such as Talus, Allusion, Rock falls, etc. Moreover, this mass consequence in tilting of horizontal sedimentary layers and their tending towards summits of the dome, which led to fragmentation and weak surface production against erosion systems and acceleration of the morphodynamic of the region.