Background and Aim: Consumption of THE epidermis (COE) is defined as thinning of THE epidermis with attenuation of THE basal and suprabasal layers and loss of rete ridges in areas of direct contact with malignant melanocytes. THE aim of this study was to investigate THE importance of COE as an additional diagnostic criterion for malignant melanoma and to evaluate its relationship to clinicopathological findings.Methodes: THE age, gender, localization of THE lesion and THE histopathological parameters such as tumor type, Breslow thickness, ulceration, and Clark’s level were recoeded in 90 malignant melanoma cases.Results: In contrast to oTHEr studies, we found that COE was more common in tumors with an acral localization and in THE acral lentiginous melanoma.Conclusion: Although COE can be used as a pathological criterion in THE diagnosis of malignant melanoma, but no correlation no of COE with ulceration and oTHEr prognostic factors were found.

THE Persian GARDEN as one of THE best patterns of landscaping with a glorious history is THE result of THE interaction of THE Iranian human with nature. This phenomenon is core of several THEories and discussion.Among different factors in THE creation of THE Persian GARDEN with its specific GEOMETRY THE ‘Chaharbagh’ pattern is THE most famous one. This pattern is well-known as a GARDEN divided with two orthogonal axis including water channels in which THE cross-section of THE axis shapes THE main pound and THE kiosk of THE GARDEN. This definition of THE Persian GARDEN is THE most know among THE scholars and THE researchers.THE Chaharbagh Pattern has become so famous that many authors and researchers have accepted it as a fundamental principle and apply that as an archetype without knowing THE roots of this concept. Most of THE literature about THE Persian GARDEN confirms THE idea that THE concept of THE Persian GARDEN without THE Chaharbagh pattern is meaningless. This paper aims to challenge this pattern in THE Persian GARDEN by having a critical approach towards THE literature review and raise THE question that wheTHEr it is possible to know THE chaharbagh as THE geometric pattern of THE Persian GARDEN or not.THE hypoTHEsis of this paper is that THE chaharbagh pattern neiTHEr can be THE reason for THE Persian GARDEN being divided into four parts nor for its GEOMETRY. In this regard different definitions of chaharbagh in THE literature and its historical background will be disscused to support THE hypoTHEsis.

Nietzsche, as one of THE most popular philosophers and elite thinkers that formed modern thought, has been studied from many dimensions. THEre are many books about him, and many scholars are still doing research on his life, works and thoughts. THE plurality of THE works and THE differences in THE representation of Nietzsche's image has led to doubt and confusion in THE determination of Nietzsche's position and understanding of his thought. THE present study aims at introducing and evaluating a major, recent and important work in Nietzsche field, called “ THE Oxford Handbook of Nietzsche” . This scientific and standard work has thirty-two essays from world renowned scholars. Essays have been organized in six discrete sections such as biography, historical relations, principal works and fundamental issues such as values, epistemology and metaphysics, and developments of will to power. THEse essays contain striking and precise points that can influence on our understanding of Nietzsche's philosophy and provide us with a broad knowledge of THE main elements of his philosophy, such as superman, will to power and eternal recurrence. THErefore this paper, after an overview of THE book and description of its general features, summarizes THE content of each essay to arouse THE audience’ s interest for pursuing of a thorough study.

A Study of GEOMETRY in Islamic Architecture by Professor Golroo Najibaaghlou is a valuable work in THE field of Islamic architecture. This book has a detailed preface, a brief introduction, and five main sections. As it is known from THE introduction of THE book, this book was originally written for a non-Iranian audience. THE first purpose of writing this book is to try to moderate public belief about GEOMETRY and THE stages of compilation and discussion in Islamic architecture. AnoTHEr purpose is to correct THE negative view of THE geometric documentation of Islamic architecture in THE West, because such a view has created a kind of reluctance to equate THE works of Islamic architecture with THE great works of classical Western architecture. In addition, Najibaaghlou wants to reject and respond to Western criticism that reduces Islamic architecture to THE level of an unedited work. In THE final chapter of THE book, Najibaaghlou looks at THE compiled documents of Islamic architecture from a Western perspective and highlights some of THE missed points of geometric sciences, including clarifying conceptualization, recording, and transferring architectural design in THE Islamic world.

THE Art of Islamic Banking and Finance narrates THE author’ s (Yahia Abdul-Rahman) achievement in constituting an interest-free bank in THE U. S. A. As a matter of fact, he explores banking and finance laws and regularities in THE U. S as well as THE Islamic banking system in THE world. THE remarkable difference between THEse two kinds of banking systems is that THE former is based on THE monetary market and THE latter on THE real economy. In THE Islamic banking system, THE rent expense of a commodity to be financed is measured based on rules known as “ commodity indexation” and “ marking to market” . Moreover, in such a system, THE interest rate of THE ordinary banking system is substituted with THE rent expense of a commodity. Thus, rent expenses are not fixed like interest rates. THE prominent characteristic of an Islamic banking system is not only its interest-free feature but also its civility and social responsibility. THE main pitfalls of THE book include a lack of comprehensive discussion and a lack of reporting THE Islamic banking systems of oTHEr Muslim countries. Besides, no thorough analysis of banking system experiences has been done and has not paid attention to THE critique of THE Iranian banking system.

THE objective of this study was to determine THE allowed and desired limits for heavy soils of texture (clay loom), as it has operational capability (friability), THEse limits were 6.34 mm for planting and 10.62 mm for harvesting in each raining or irrigation episode. We determined some factors that affect soil wetness and water content as follow: THE amount and severity of rain, THE condition of soil’s drainage, THE percent of air moisture, evapotranspiration, THE amount of runoff, THE amount and severity of sunlight, THE ambient temperature, THE condition of vegetation and, THE soil texture. THE time needed for dryness and removal of soil moisture as evapotranspiration in each over- desired and allowed capacity rains are 5-7 days. Also, because of higher evaporation in planting time (late April and early May) than in harvesting time (November), and also higher surface temperature in spring, both result in moving THE vapor from deeper layers of soil to surface. THErefore, as our result showed, THE time needed for readiness of soil for machinery operation at time of planting are 5 days for planting (late April and early May) and 7 days for harvesting time (November). According to our calculation, 19.5% of rains at planting time and 7.5% at harvest time changed to run- off; and with taking this amount of run- off in account at allowed- limit calculation, and also because of texture of THE studied soil, THE maximum allowed rain in which THE soil remains in proper condition for machinery planting and harvesting activities exceeded 7.6 and 11.41 mm in each rainy day. As a result, according to limiting factor of well doing of operations and also factors affecting THEse restricting factors, THE number of working days for mechanized planting operation was found to be about 19.69 days and also 21.98 days for harvesting operations in farms with heavy soil with 98% of probability.

Problem statement: Today, returning to nature and patterning it seems to be one of THE most important needs in THE world. Iranian architects have been successful in applying scales and connecting different scales to one anoTHEr, as well as facing nature around THEm. GEOMETRY, while being abstract, is THE most important language through which THE architect creates specific spatial qualities. Research objectives: This article investigates Golshan GARDEN by expressing its features (rotation, egalitarianism, introversion, centeredness, symmetry, and multiplicity) in Iranian landscaping, while fractal GEOMETRY has features including nonlinearity, irregularity, imperfection and non-Euclidean GEOMETRY, chaos, and special rules, representing its naturalistic aspect along with THE lack of rest and relation of geometries. Research method: A descriptive-analytic approach has been employed consisting of two steps. THE first step included library studies and reasoning to explain THE internal validity of THE GEOMETRY of Iranian GARDEN. Second, THE new relationship between THE findings of Tabas Golshan GARDEN as an example of Iranian GARDEN are interpreted and compared with fractal GEOMETRY to explain THE external validity. Conclusion: It is found from THE study that if THE Iranian GARDEN has fractal features in structural, vegetative, irrigation and functional systems, it can be extended to THE whole GARDEN. Tabas Golshan GARDEN as an example of Iranian GARDEN represents fractal architecture design with all THE features of fractal GEOMETRY and inspired by THE nature as well as benefiting from geometric flexibility, definable and recognizable throughout THE design and using a form such as THE pentagon found in nature.

Moral anthropology is a newfound field in interdisciplinary studies in moral philosophy and anthropology. ‘ THE Subject of Virtue: An Anthropology of Ethics and Freedom’ by James Laidlaw is one of THE most effective books ever in this area. THE author tries to approximate THE boundaries of anthropology and moral philosophy. He uses notions and THEories from both fields, and it makes THE book to be more than a mere anthropological study. For instance, he draws THE notions of virtue and freedom from moral philosophy and anthropology respectively. As a result, THE book could be regarded as a successful interdisciplinary study, which benefits from both disciplines and at THE same time contributed to THEm methodologically. To do so, he uses philosophical resources to support anthropological researches. Laidlaw also wants to facilitate new resources in THE field of moral anthropology, and puts some figures-like Foucault, MacIntyre, and Williams-togeTHEr to improve THE discussion of moral anthropology.

Studies in Iconology, Humanistic THEmes in THE Art of THE Renaissance by Erwin Panofsky clarifies THE function of THE Iconology method in interpreting artworks. THE goal of this critic is to express THE significance of interdisciplinary studies and also is a survey in how methodically organized studies is used in analyzing artworks. Thus this study criticizes and studies THE form and contents in THE book and also author’ s opinions about analyzing and referring to THE sources according to Iconology method. In its form, THE book looks into THE basic relations between THE form and subject in analyzing art forms and shows analyzing and interpreting artworks according to THEir historical context in which THEy originated and THE multiplicity of visual and textual sources which refers to THE artworks. By THE way, in some cases missing references are seen and THE order in using THEm in THE text is not also correct and reliable references are needed, especially sources of Islamic philosophy which have caused some limitations in using THE book in some related conditions. Despite THEse problems, researchers can go furTHEr than a mere Formal study by using interdisciplinary and in order to make an understanding about Symbolic Meaning and Contents of artworks, THEy can have fruitful research.

Several factors have affected THE architectural design of Persian GARDENs Over time. In THE meantime, Chaharbaghs have been THE most numerous plans among architecture of Iranian GARDEN. Special features of Chaharbaghs form have affected on designing oTHEr GARDENs. By studying THE process of analyzing of Iranian GARDENs, and THEir effectiveness from quartet structures, it is possible to renovate a part of THE forgotten identity of ancient architecture and also analyze THE way that geometric structures affected in GARDENs. On THE oTHEr hand, THEse features can be used in today’ s landscaping Designing. THEre is a direct relationship between length to width ratio of Chaharbaghs forms and designing Safavid GARDEN’ s plan in Esfahan. OTHEr researchers in THE division of Safavid GARDEN’ s plan have focused more on oTHEr factors such as spiritual meanings of heaven architecture approach in GARDENs. First, this research aimed to analyze THE role of geometric features embedded in THE plans lies in Safavid GARDEN in Esfahan. This article is based on field data and library data. In this study, by implementation plan of Chaharbaghs from past until now, THE repeating geometric features in THE process of designing THE plans will be discussed. This study aimed to reveal THE effect of geometric features in Chaharbaghs on designing THE plans of GARDENs in Safavid period. In this article, first THE division of GARDENs will be discussed. After analyzing THE words and identifying THE various GARDENs, THE common and different features in various types of GARDENs will be examined. Completed analyzing revealed that THE ratio of length to width of THE overall atmosphere in comparison to Crete in Safavid GARDEN of Esfahan, repeated like THE comparison of Ancient Chaharbagh.