Introduction. Free TRIIODOTHYRONINE (FT3) is a marker of comorbidity in end-stage renal disease and in many acute and chronic diseases. There is lack of data about the link between FT3 levels and malnutrition and inflammation in hemodialysis patients. The objective of the present study was to investigate the link between FT3 and malnutrition and inflammation in hemodialysis patients.Materials and Methods. A total of 84 patients were included in the study (38 men and 46 women; mean age, 56.2±14.8 years; hemodialysis duration, 95.72±10.35 months). Serum FT3, free thyroxin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations were determined. Demographic data and laboratory values were evaluated. Patients' comorbidity status was determined using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and malnutrition-inflammation status was determined by Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS).Results. Serum FT3 concentration inversely correlated with age (r= -0.328, P= .002), CCI (r= -0.591, P< .001), C-reactive protein (r= -0.299, P= .01), and MIS (r= -0.671, P< .001), and positively correlated with serum albumin (r= 0.389, P< .001). In multivariate linear regression analysis, FT3 was independently associated with MIS (b, -0.14; 95% confidence interval, -0.175 to 0.063, P= .003), adjusted for CCI, C-reactive protein level, serum albumin level, and MIS.Conclusions. The results of this study indicate that FT3 is negatively correlated with inflammatory markers, namely C-reactive protein, and it is independently related with MIS in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, we suggest that FT3 can be accepted as an inflammatory marker in hemodialysis patients.

Introduction. It has been shown that inflammation affects thyroid function. In patients with end-stage renal disease, low plasma TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) may be an unsuspected expression of the inflammatory state of these patients. This study evaluated the correlation between T3 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HSCRP) levels in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis.Materials and Methods. This is a cross-sectional study aiming at the correlation between T3 and HSCRP levels among 30 patients on PD, 30 patients on hemodialysis, and 20 healthy individuals. Serum levels of HSCRP, T3, thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone, T3 resin uptake, and free T3 index (FT3I) and free T4 index (FT4I) were compared between the three groups. Results. There were no significant differences between hemodialysis and PD patients in respect to T3, T4, FT3I, and FT4I. In PD and hemodialysis patients, T3 and FT3I were lower than in controls (P < .001), but there was no significant difference between PD and hemodialysis patients. T3 resin uptake and thyroid stimulating hormone differed significantly between PD and hemodialysis patients. There was a significant inverse correlation between HSCRP and T3 and FT3I among hemodialysis patients (P = .04); however, there was no such correlations in PD patients.Conclusions. The relationship between T3 and HSCRP suggests that inflammation might be involved in the low T3 syndrome in hemodialysis patients, but we did not find a significant correlation between T3 and HSCRP levels in patients on peritoneal dialysis.

There is substantial degree of disagreement regarding the mechanisms of possible association between thyroid dysfunction and Alzheimer’s disease. For example, it is not settled which indicator of thyroid function is the best marker of this relationship. Since thyroid disorders could be considered as treatable risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease, identification of any relationship between them would be of great value. Recent investigations have provided further evidence that not only overt thyroid disorders but also subclinical changes in thyroid function and even thyroid hormone variations within the normal range can influence cognitive performance.

In this research study, the effect of bac10fen (GAB AB receptor agonist) on mean concentration of growth hormone, thyroxine, and TRIIODOTHYRONINE was examined. For this purpose, twelve Holstein cows were divided into four groups. Then, each cow received daily injection of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg of baclofen for a period of four days. Blood samples were daily collected at one time point for eight days. Growth hormone, thyroxine, and TRIIODOTHYRONINE concentrations of plasma samples were measured by RIA (Radioimmunoassay) method. The results showed that baclofen increases mean plasma concentration of growth hormone and thyroxine (P<0.01). In addition, low doses of bac10fen decreased mean plasma concentration of TRIIODOTHYRONINE (P<0.05), while 100 mg/kg of baclofen increased mean plasma concentration of TRIIODOTHYRONINE (P<0.05).

Objective(s): Previous study has indicated that TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) facilitated cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA). This study aimed to investigate the effects of T3 on angiogenesis-related factor expression in human osteoblasts of OA subchondral bone. Materials and Methods: The subchondral bone specimens were obtained from OA patients and healthy participants. The expressions of VEGF, HIF-1α , AKT, and phosphorylated AKT was detected by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and RT-qPCR in OA. Angiogenesis-related factor expression in OA osteoblasts was measured by treating different concentrations of T3. The hypoxia model and PX-478 (HIF-1α inhibitor) were employed to confirm the regulative role of HIF-1α for VEGF expression. The level of VEGF secretion was examined in osteoblasts supernatant using ELISA. Results: Immunohistochemistry showed strong staining of VEGF and HIF-1α in OA subchondral bone. The expression of VEGF, HIF-1α , and p-AKT in OA osteoblasts was higher than that of normal osteoblasts at protein and mRNA levels. The physiological concentration of T3 (10-7 M) in OA osteoblasts up-regulated the expression of VEGF, HIF-1α , and p-AKT after 24 hr and 48 hr culture, while a higher dose of T3 displayed the adverse effects. Additionally, VEGF and p-AKT expression was down-regulated when PX-478 inhibited HIF-1α protein. Conclusion: Our results suggested that local T3 could effectively increase angiogenesis-related factor expression by PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and HIF-1α regulated the VEGF expression in OA osteoblasts.

Objective: To manage a treatment resistant depression, clinicians may add a second medication to the first antidepressant drug. The aim of the current research was to study the outcome of augmentation of citalopram with nortryptiline or TRIIODOTHYRONINE in a randomized clinical trial.Methods: We selected 48 adult outpatients with a diagnosis of non-psychotic major depressive disorder who had not responded to 12 weeks citalopram therapy (40 mg per day). They were randomly allocated to two groups. One group received nortryiptiline (at a dose of up to 150 mg per day) and the other TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) (at a dose of up to 50 mg per day). The remission of depression was defined as a score of 7 or less on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD-17).Results: After 8 weeks, the nortriptyline group had a higher remission rate (33.33 %) than the TRIIODOTHYRONINE group (17.64%). The nortriptyline group, however, had a higher drop out rate due to experiencing more side effects.Conclusion: Augmentation of citalopram with nortryptiline seems to be effective in the management of treatment resistant depression. However, one should strike a balance between the efficacy and the tolerability of this approach, as there is a higher chance of experiencing side effects by the patients.

Introduction: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is the most abundant peptide present in mammals' brains. The majority of NPY-producing neurons are in acute and Para ventricular nuclei of hypothalamus which affect hypophysiotrapic factors secretion. In this study we investigated the effect of intravenous injections of various doses of NPY on thyroxin (T4) and TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) serum concentrations.Methods: Sixteen adult male sannan goats were assigned to four treatment groups. Treatments were included daily injections of 0, 10, 20 and 40  mg NPY per kg body weight named C, L, M and H, respectively. The duration of experiments was 13 consecutive days divided into three intervals; pre-treatment (days 1-3), treatment (days 4-10) and posttreatment (days 11-14). Blood collections were being done throughout the experiment at 09:00 via jugular vein and injections were in treatment interval via carotid artery at 08:00. Blood samples were centrifuged and the sera were harvested and used for hormone assay via radioimmunoassay.Results: Results showed that treatment H caused 11-fold increase in T4 concentrations and 4-fold increase in T3 concentrations ones versus treatment C (P<0.001). Treatment M also increased T4 and T3 significantly (P<0.001). The effect of treatment L on T4 concentrations was significantly incremental (P<0.001) but it has no effect on T3 concentrations (P=0.877). The stimulatory effect of NPY on thyroid hormones was transient because in post-treatment interval, T4 and T3 concentrations in treatments L, M and H tended to decline but were yet significantly higher versus treatment C.Conclusion: Previous studies in rodents demonstrated inhibitory effect of NPY on thyroid hormones but in present study completely stimulatory and dose-dependent effects of NPY on these hormones secretion in goat were observed. Thus, we suggest the stimulatory effect of NPY on thyrotrophic axis in ruminants. This discrepancy can be due to different methodology and difference in neuroendocrine framework controlling thyrotrop axis of ruminants with rodents.

Ketosis is an important metabolic disease of high milk-producing cows. There are significant changes in many metabolite and hormonal concentrations in metabolic diseases. This study was carried out to assess the concentrations calcium (Ca), selenium (Se), total antioxidant (TAOC), insulin, free TRIIODOTHYRONINE (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) in cows with subclinical and clinical ketosis. This study included 20 dairy cows within the first two months of lactation, aged between 4-8 years. Cows with b-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) concentrations 1.20 mmol/L were considered healthy, whereas 1.20 and 1.50 mmol/L were con-sidered subclinical and 1.60-2.20 mmol/L were classified as clinically ketotic. Serum aspartate ami-notransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), low density lipoprotein (LDH), glucose, Ca, plasma TAOC capacity and BHBA concentrations were performed spectrophotometric ally. Serum insulin, free TRIIODOTHYRONINE and free thyroxine concentrations were measured using the chemi-luminescence method. Serum Se concentrations were measured using an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In conclusion, significant changes were noted in decreased concentrations of TAOC, Ca, Se, fT3, fT4 and insulin in cows with subclinical and clinical ketosis. The study identified important parameters, changes in the levels of these parameters will be important in determining the treatment and prognosis of the disease. Their use may also help reduce the economic losses suffered by dairy farmers as a result of the disease.