Growth and reproductive attributes were determined for Capoeta damascina, an endemic fish species from west of Iran. A total of 147 specimens of both sexes were sampled monthly from November 2008 to October 2009. The overall sex ratio was female biased. Males were aged 0-4 years and females 0-5 years. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated as; Linf=34.81 cm, k=0.27 year-1, t0=-0.65 for males plus unsexed samples, Linf=46.29 cm, k=0.22 year-1, t0=-0.59 for females plus unsexed samples and Linf=67.52 cm, k=0.12 year-1, t0=-0.79 for whole samples. The length- weight relationships were W=0.021 L 2.815 for males, W=0.022 L 2.824 for females and W=0.020 L 2.836 for combined sexes, all of which exhibited a negative allometric growth. Spawning season started in May, ascending to June and ended in July for both sexes. Length at 50% maturity was estimated as 12.35 cm for males and 15.14 cm for females. Fecundity ranged from 1551 (2 years old) to 20523 (5 years old) eggs per fish. Losing of large individuals and decreasing in size at first maturity were observed in the studied population compared to data reported from other C. damascina populations, which could reflect an effect of overexploitation.

Understanding of habitat requirements of a fish species is a research priority for its management and conservation. The biological characteristics and habitat requirements of Alburnoides tabarestanensis have not been studied yet. Therefore, this work aimed to study large-scaled i.e. water velocity, depth, river width, and bed type habitat suitability indices of endemic Tabarestan spirlin in the Kela River (a TRIBUTARY of the Babel River, Caspian Sea Basin). For this purpose, a total of six stations along this River were sampled using an electrofishing device in a 30 m length of river with three replications. Based on the results, the preferred range of environmental variables of Tabarestan spirlin were a water depth of 17-20 cm, river width of 8.8-4.8 m, water current of 5-6 m / s, bed index of 3.5-8.8. The bedrock diameter was 7.5-5 cm. The results also showed that the selected habitat characteristics of Tabarestan spirlin are those with higher depth, boulder substrate type, lower width and lower water current that can be adversely affected by human activities such as sand and water harvestings.

P roof of retaliation (qi. sas) in premeditated murder requires conditions, one of which is the equivalence of the perpetrator and the victim in “ religion” . This condition is due to the controversy of Islamic jurists that there are three sects of narrations in relation to it. Thus, the Shiite jurists, by rejecting the narrations based on the retaliation of the Muslim killer against the Dhimmi infidel (first category), have been believed in the non-retaliation of the Muslim killer murder of a muslim murderer against the TRIBUTARY (dhimmi) infidel (third category). These narrations by attributing narrations tending to corroborate retaliation in the case of habitual murder, they refer to the absoluteness of some verses of the Holy Quran, such as the verse of denying (no) domination (Allah will by no means give the unbelievers a way against the believers), as well as the consensus of the jurists. However, it seems that their reasons for not proving (ascertaining) the retaliation of a Muslim murderer, absolutely or non-habitually, face serious problems. So that by renouncing the mentioned narrations to the infidel deserving to be fought with, finally in the face of the intentional killing (deliberate killing) of a Muslim against a dhimmi infidel (TRIBUTARY infidel), there will be no choice but to prove (ascertain) retribution.

In order to sustainably exploit the biodiversity of river ecosystems which have been extensively changed due to human activities, knowledge of habitat requirements of the species is essential. In this study, Zarem-rud River, one of the main tributaries of Tajan River, has been studied for habitat preference of Kura barbel (B. lacerta) at different ages in autumn. For this purpose, first, a site was selected on the above mentioned river which has the least human stress. Then the fish was caught with an electroshocker aggregate at 110 points. At each point where the fish was caught, environmental parameters such as depth, water velocity, type of biotic and abiotic substrate were also measured. The results showed that the species aged 0 + prefer water velocity 0-60 (cm/s), depth 0-60 (cm), abiotic substrate Mesolithal and biotic substrate Xylal and Algae; at the age of 1 +, the water velocity preference was 45-75 (cm/s), the depth 16-75 (cm), the abiotic substrate Mesolithal, Macrolithal and Microlithal but the biotic substrate was included all kinds biotic substrates except Sub_macrophytes; at ages 2 + and + 3, water velocity preference was higher than 75 (cm/s), depths higher than 31 (cm), abiotic substrate Mesolithal and Macrolithal; at age 2 +, they prefer Xylal, Algae, and FPOM, and at age 3 +, they prefer LPTP and FPOM. Therefore, this species has different preferences at different ages, and understanding this relationship will be effective in the effectiveness of managers' actions and species protection.

The ever - increasing expansion of relations and human contacts in different fields, especially in economy, has caused that monetary and banking dealings also proportionally increase and develop. The emphasis of Islamic jurisprudence on the unlawfulness of usurious transactions among the followers of Islam and it's undisputed reasons has raised this question for many people as to the range of the domain of this prohibition the kinds of transactions and economic relations they can maintain.This paper tries to introduce a way for the researchers at the country's economic and banking field in which cases they can enter usurious transactions, and where they cannot. At the beginning of this paper the writer has tried to explicate the relevant terms in jurisprudence, law and economy.