In this paper, two different ways of introducing alternation for lattice-valued (referred to as L valued) regular TREE GRAMMARS and L valued top-down TREE automata are compared. One is the way which defines the alternating regular TREE grammar, i.e., alternation is governed by the non-terminals of the grammar and the other is the way which combines state with alternation. The first way is taken over to prove a main theorem: the class of languages generated by an L valued alternating regular TREE grammar LAG) is equal to the class of languages accepted by an L valued alternating top-down TREE automaton LAA). The second way is taken over to define a new type of automaton by combining the L valued alternating top-down TREE automaton with stack, called L-valued alternating stack TREE automaton LASA and the generative power of it is compared to some well-known language classes, especially to LAA and to LAG Also, we have derived a characterization of the state alternating regular TREE grammar LSAG) in terms of LASA.

In this paper, we show that the problem of grammar induction could be modeled as a combination of several model selection problems. We use the infinite generalization of a Bayesian model of cognition to solve each model selection problem in our grammar induction model. This Bayesian model is capable of solving model selection problems, consistent with human cognition. We also show that using the notion of history-based GRAMMARS will increase the number and decrease the complexity of model selection problems in our grammar induction model. This results in the induction of a better grammar which leads to 9.1 points increase in F1 measure, for parsing the section 22 of Penn TREEbank in comparison with a similar model that does not use history-based grammar induction techniques.

A machine translation system using hybrid approach was presented in this paper. This hybrid system consists statistical and rule- based approach in serial. English words order was changed by rule- based parts of system, and then trained by statistical approach. Cross in alignment of statistical approach was reduced by change words order of source side, so on translation quality was improved. Synchronized TREE adjoining GRAMMARS was used for change words order in source side. These GRAMMARS were extracted automatically from aligned parallel corpus. The system was tested by three types of test set and the results shows translation quality was improved by proposed machine translation.

Increasing the domain of locality by using TREE-adjoining-GRAMMARS (TAG) encouraged some researchers to use TAGs in applications such as machine translation, especially in the disambiguation process. Successful experiments of applying a TAG to French-English and Korean- English translation encouraged us to use it for another language pairs with very divergent properties, i.e., English and Persian. By using a Synchronous TAG (S-TAG) for this pair of languages, we can benefit from syntactic and semantic features of these languages. In this paper, we report on our successful experiments of automatic translation of English into Persian. We also present a computational model for disambiguation of lexical selection, based on a decision TREE approach. Finally, a new automatic method for learning a decision TREE from a sample data set is introduced    

In order to find the definition and referents of transitive and intransitive verbs, the investigation of Persian grammar textbooks shows that the grammarian incongruent ideas mainly refer to two basic definitions in the old version of Persian grammar manuals. At first, the subject and its referents. The ambiguity in determining referents of subject, to say grammatical subject highlights this fact that all linking or passive verbs lacking subject are considered in some textbooks as transitive and in some others as intransitive. The second ambiguity refers to the definition of transitive or intransitive verbs. For a verb to be “intransitive”, there is no necessity to the word “other”. The existent ambiguity in the referents of “other” cast doubt on the status of linking or passive verbs as Intransitive or transitive. In grammar textbooks which are based on linguistic theories, we have also the same division of Intransitive or transitive, but the transitive verbs do not overlap with its concept in traditional grammar and it remains as one of its sub categories. This study tries to present an analytical report on the origin of these incongruent ideas among some traditional and modern grammar textbooks.

By this essay, the writers are to point at some structural differences in a few grammar books, current in university centers. Because of the abundant number of these books, analyses of them will obviously be lengthy and need an extensive research. Since in most academic centers Persian Literature and linguistics are taught, these books have to be written according to the needs of the students but some writers disregard these needs. In fact, it has been tried, in this research, to answer this question: Is the abundance of grammar books in favor and needs of the students? Whether or not the books written were successful in their mission in teaching to them.Some of the conclusions of this research are:a. lots of confusions and differences are seen in grammar books.b. most of the books haven't been written according to grammatical and lingual theories.c. coordination between these books is weak.d. these books are not able to present most of the grammatical discussions.e. most of these books have been weak in bringing examples and related explanations.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In patients with unilateral or bilateral loss with high length (more than 10cm) and with different etiologies, ileal SUBSTITUTION is good alternative when other procedures are not suitable. The objective of this study was to survey the effects and complications of ileal SUBSTITUTION for urethral loss. CASES: Sixteen patients were operated in urologic ward of Shahid Labbafinejad hospital with ileal SUBSTITUTION for urethral loss during 1994-1999. Twelve patients were male and four were female with mean age 28 years (3-47 years). Etiology was complications of surgery and ureterscopy in 11 and T.B in 2 and ureteral avulsion in one due to trauma. Follow up was 9-60 months and 3 patients missed follow up. Pre. op sonography, I.V.P. and D.T.P.A isotope scan in all patients revealed severe hydronephrosis in 11 patients. Post.op sonography and scan showed much improvement of kidney function. In 2 patients, hydronephrosis persisted that nephrectomy was performed. CONCLUSION: In cases with high ureteral loss which other procedures like uretero-ureterostomy or transuretero ureterostomy or autotransplant or kidney descending or Boari-Flap cannot be done, ileal SUBSTITUTION is good alternative with low complication

Introduction: Two of the stories mentioned in the Qur'an are the story of Adam and the Forbidden TREE and the Story of Moses going to the Right Side of the Valley and hearing the TREE. These stories are of much interest to the scholars and mentioned in many of the mystic texts and commentaries in prose and verse such as Meibodi's Kashaf al-Asrar, Tamhidat of Ein al-Ghozat, works of Ruzbehan Baqli, Shabestari's Golshan-e Raz, Mathnavi of Mowlavi, Mersad al-Ebad of Najm al-Din Razi and many more. The TREE in both stories is a mystical symbol. In this paper the symbolic meanings of these two TREEs are analyzed and compared.This is a comparative study of two symbols in religious and mystical texts. The Qur'anic symbol of TREE (forbidden and Moses') are analyzed. Discussion: In many instances such as verse 35 of Baqara, verse 19 of 'Iraf and verse 12 of Taha, the Qur'an refers to the story of Adam and the Forbidden TREE. Mystics have interpreted the Forbidden TREE as the physical world, divine secrets, the knowledge of destiny and fate, wisdom, love and union.Seid Heidar Amoli considers the Forbidden TREE the symbol of the physical world which will result in leaving the Garden of Eden. Aziz al-Din Nasafi considers the Forbidden TREE as the TREE of wisdom and a reminder of free will; the result of this free will is doubt and only love of God can free man from doubt. In 'Araes al-Bayan and Sharh-e Shatthiyat Ruzbehan regards the TREE as the secret of love. Attar referring to verse 35 of Baqara believes that the TREE is the TREE of union. Meibodi says that union as a sign of the Forbidden TREE also reminds one of the pain and suffering of proximity.In verse 30 of Qisas the story of Moses and his departure to the Right Side of the Valley is told. The TREE of Moses has allegorical meanings such as absolute existence, the sacred soul of man, the light of Mohammad (PBUH), the power of thinking, love, knowledge, monotheism and union. Seid Heidar Amoli and Ruzbehan consider the TREE of Moses as the absolute existence.Conclusion: Revelation has descended in a multidimensional language. Mystics have interpreted Qur'anic stories from different points of view due to their allegorical meanings. Interpretations of the mystics show that the Forbidden TREE means love and the TREE of Moses means the sacred soul of man. According to mystics these stories are abstract concepts such as love, wisdom, knowledge and union. Different intuitions, mystical experiences and interpretation of Qur'anic verses by different mystics have led to a rich body of literature which testifies to the still hidden meanings of the Divine subject.

In this paper, we develop a non-visual automatic wrapper to extract data records from search engine results pages which contain important information for computer users. Our wrapper consists of a series of data filter to detect and remove irrelevant data from the web page. In the filtering stages, we incorporate two main algorithms which are able to check the similarity of data records and to detect and extract the correct data region based on their component sizes. To evaluate the performance of our algorithm, we carry out experimental and deletion tests. Experimental tests show that our wrapper outperforms the existing state of the art wrappers such as ViNT and DEPTA. Deletion studies by replacing our novel techniques with state of the art conventional techniques show that our wrapper design is efficient and could robustly extract data records from search engine results pages. With the speed advantages, our wrapper could be beneficial in processing large amount of web sites data, which could be helpful in meta search engine development.