Objectives: Psoriasis is a chronic, recurrent disease that affects between 1% and 6% of the population. Methotrexate (MTX) is an effective systemic chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of psoriasis and possibly cutaneous lymphoma (CTCL).However the risk of hepatic fibrosis and other systemic toxicity, such as bone marrow suppression, has precluded its use in all but the most severe cases of these diseases. In considering the potential severe toxicity associated with systemic administration of MTX, a topical formulation might be of greater utility for the treatment of psoriasis and other hyperproliferative skin disorders. One of the presumed reasons for the lack of clinical activity of topical methotrexate in psoriasis is insufficient percutaneous penetration necessary to inhibit epidermal DNA synthesis. The present study was undertaken to prepare a formulation to optimize penetration of MTX in vitro. Methods: For this mean, several gel formulations were prepared and investigated in the case of stability and physical characteristics. Among them three formulations were selected for percutaneous ABSORPTION studies using rat skin and standard Franz diffusion cells. Assay of drug was done using HPLC method. For enhancing percutaneous ABSORPTION, three penetration enhancers were added to the bases formulation with different concentrations. Among the evaluated formulations, the best one from view point of having better penetration profile was selected and the effect of various enhancers on penetration profile investigated. For this mean three surfactants (anionic, cationic and nonionic) were incorporated into formulations with different concentrations. Finally salicylic acid as a keratolytic material was added for more enhancement effect. Results: The results showed that SLS (sodium louryl sulphate) and alkyl benzyl dimethyl chloride had not any significant enhancement property on penetration of MTX. Lower ability of these surfactants on drug penetration through the skin probably aroused from drug enhancer complexation and formation of micells with low penetration ability containing the drug molecules. Transcutol P was able to enhance TRANSDERMAL ABSORPTION of MTX and the higher enhancement ratio was obtained with 2% (w/w) concentration of transcutol P. Adding of salicylic acid increased this ratio. Better penetration profile was shown with increasing of salicylic acid concentration. Conclusion: prepared formulation containing transcutol p 2% (w/w) and salicylic acid 6% (w/w) had higher enhancement property and could be used clinically for local treatment of psoriasis.

Introduction: Methanol is a highly toxic substance and methanol poisoning results in severe health situations. Methanol poisoning occurs when it is consumed by various methods such as orally, by inhalation, and TRANSDERMALly. TRANSDERMAL poisoning is rarely seen and causes severe health complications.Case Presentation: A 59-year-old male patient was admitted to the emergency room due to blurred vision and knee pain. He had wrapped alcohol soaked cotton around his knees because of pain, and left it for 10 hours at night. Onphysical examination the knees only exhibited redness. Upon fund uscopic examination, signs of poisoning were not seen, but a high anion gap metabolic acidosis was shown by arterial blood gas analysis. Hemodialysis was performed for severe acidosis and the patient was admitted to the ICU. The patient was treated and discharged from the ICU without sequelae.Conclusions: Methanol poisoning presents to the emergency department in our country with many different situations and with varying histories. In different parts of the world, TRANSDERMAL intoxication cases maybe more prevalent and they maybe overlooked, therefore, we aimed to present this case.

TRANSDERMAL patches loaded with pravastatin was previously characterized in another published study by Serrano-Castañ eda et al; 2015. These TRANSDERMAL patches (TP) were generated by the plate casting technique, the in-vitro percutaneous ABSORPTION studies of TP were evaluated for three different formulations with different quantities of Pluronic F-127 (PF-127): i) without PF-127 (TP W), ii) 1% of PF-127 (TP 1%), and iii) 3% of PF-127 (TP 3%) using solid microneedles as a penetration enhancer with two different lengths: i) 0. 25 mm and ii) 2. 25 mm and iii) in-vitro permeation studies by passive diffusion. The fluxes (F), time lag (tLag) and permeability constants (Kp) for each formulation were: TP W (F: 38. 5μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 18. 97h and Kp: 5. 9x10-3 cm/h), TP W with microneedles of 0. 25 mm (F: 103. 3 μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 20. 76 h and Kp: 0. 0158 cm/h), TP W and microneedles of 2. 25 mm (F: 105. 2μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 21. 16 h and Kp: 0. 0159cm/h), TP 1% (F: 90 μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 19. 48 h and Kp: 0. 0137 cm/h), TP 1% with microneedles of 0. 25 mm (F: 111. 4μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 19. 11h and Kp: 0. 017cm/h), and TP 1% with microneedles of 2. 25 mm (F: 115. 2μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 16. 73h and Kp: 0. 017cm/h), TP 3% (F: 40. 9μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 20. 45h and Kp: 0. 0062 cm/h), TP 3% with microneedles of 0. 25 mm (F: 67. 1 μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 21. 79h and Kp: 0. 0102cm/h) and TP 3% with microneedles of 2. 25 (F: 70. 5 μ g/cm2*h, tLag: 20. 44h and Kp: 0. 0107cm/h). Results show that the formulation of TP affects the pravastatina flux and Kp parameters, however the length of microneedles only has important effect on tLag.

Delivery of drugs into systemic circulation via skin has generated lots of interest during the last decade. TRANSDERMAL drug delivery systems offer many advantages over the conventional forms or sustained release delivery systems. When technically feasible, topical delivery of drug products for both local and systemic indications offer many advantages over oral or parenteral routes, such as the need for fewer administration, constant blood level, elimination of the potential for both under and overdosing, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism. Skin structure shows that it is relatively impermeable to exogenous substances and drugs. Understanding this structure will help us to improve drug delivery using prodrugs, chemical enhancers, iontophoresis, electroporation and ultrasound waves. This review will overview the structure and function of skin, the skin routes, the interactions between skin and drug delivery systems and advantageous and disadvantageous of skin as a route for drug delivery. Thus the properties and interactions of three entities-the skin, the drug and the drug delivery excipients-are going to be considered.

TRANSDERMAL drug delivery system is a non-invasive and an efficient method that provides sustained release and delivers therapeutics to target site. This system can improve the therapeutic efficacy and safety of the drugs, keep the plasma level of the drug constant, prevent the hepatic first pass metabolism and is convenient and pain-free self-administration for patients. Despite the many advantages of this system, the stratum corneum is the main obstacle to penetration through the skin. A series of researches are taken in order to overcome stratum corneum to improve drug penetration. With the development of nanotechnology, using nanovesicles system such as ethosomes has been considered recently. Ethosomes are the ethanolic phospholipid nanocarriers which are mainly employed for TRANSDERMAL drug delivery. These soft and flexible vesicles can transport drugs to the deep layers of the skin or systemic circulation. The presence of ethanol in ethosomes causes increase in the fluidity of cell membrane lipids and enhances skin permeation of ethosomes. Ethosomes have a lot of advantages including improvement of drug efficiency, decreasing the cytotoxicity of encapsulated drug in the nanovesicle, increasing patient compliance, reducing the cost of treatment and non toxicity of vesicle. In this review, we have tried to describe all aspects of ethosomes including structure, and the main properties of ethosomes, advantages and disadvantages, methods of preparation, mechanism of permeation, and ethosomes function. Also its various features and roles in drug delivery, skin penetration performance of ethosomes are reviewed.

Methanol is a clear liquid with high toxicity. Methanol intoxication may result from accidental exposure, overconsumption of compounds containing methanol with suicidal intent, or following consumption of distilled and contaminated alcoholic beverages. This report describes a case of TRANSDERMAL methanol intoxication, which is a rare condition. A 58-year-old woman presented with nausea, vomiting, weakness, diplopia and dizziness. On neurological examination, she only had diplopia. On physical examination, a hyperemic lesion with clear borders was found over the right knee. The patient’ s recent medical history revealed that four days prior to the onset of symptoms, she had covered her knee with a methanol-soaked bandage in an attempt to alleviate her knee pain. She had a high osmolar gap as well as high anion-gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA). Methanol intoxication was suspected due to HAGMA and high osmolar gap. Serum methanol levels were subsequently measured and found to be 37. 9 mg/dL. The patient was treated with intravenous (IV) bicarbonate, IV ethyl alcohol and hemodialysis. She was discharged with no central nervous system or ophthalmologic sequelae. Methanol poisoning should be kept in mind in patients with diplopia and unexplained metabolic acidosis. Although most methanol intoxication cases occur after oral ingestion, it should be considered that methanol poisoning may occur TRANSDERMALly.