Aim: Investigating the relationship between land surface temperature and urban land uses can be used for urban management. However, one of the main problems in this field is the low spatial resolution of thermal images. This research aims to evaluate and select the best existing algorithm for achieving a high spatial resolution of thermal images to investigate and analyze changes in land surface temperature in Region 4 of Ahvaz. Material & method: For this purpose, the split window algorithm was used as one of the most common suitable algorithms to calculate land surface temperature, and SFIM and T sharp DisTRADE algorithms in urban areas were applied to improve spatial resolution. Finding: Results show that the spatial resolution of the output image obtained by Split Window, T Sharp DisTRADE, and SFIM algorithms is 30, 100, and 45 meters, respectively. The T Sharp DisTRADE algorithm presented the output images with very good resolution so that different land uses could be separated according to their surface temperature. Split Window and SFIM algorithms did not provide acceptable results in land use evaluation. Also, the average land surface temperature values obtained from T Sharp DisTRADE, Split Window algorithm, and SFIM are equal to 17.5, 23.5, and 28.25 degrees Celsius, respectively. This temperature difference of these algorithms is due to utilizing the fusion process. Conclusion: As a result, T Sharp DisTRADE algorithm was more effective in improving the spatial resolution of thermal images. Innovation: Innovations of this research are: - simultaneous use of three mentioned algorithms for increasing spatial resolution of thermal images and discovering the best algorithm in this field, which has not been investigated in previous research, - improving spatial resolution of thermal images for evaluating urban land uses by using T Sharp DisTRADE algorithm, and detail investigation of surface temperature changes.

The stated basic goal of regional TRADE organizations (agreements) is reducing tariff barriers and improving welfare at the regional level. But there are serious questions regarding the effect of these agrreements on TRADE in member versus non-member countries If the agreement yields positive TRADE effect in member countries, the phenomenon is called “TRADE creation". If this positive effect comes at the expense of negative effect on non-member countries, the phenomenon is called “TRADE diversion”. TRADE creation is welfare improving, while TRADE diversion is welfare reducing. This paper is an attempt to measure the extent of TRADE diversion and TRADE creation in three Asian organizations, namely, the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), Persian Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and ASEAN. The model used is an extended version of the relatively well known gravity model and a total of 26 member countries were considered for data completion purposes over the time span of 2002-2006. The findings reveal an incidence of TRADE diversion in all three cases, implying that TRADE agreements are welfare reducing. JEL Classification: F51, L42.

The expansion of regional TRADE arrangements has been coincided with the growing trend in globalization. The importance of these regional TRADE arrangements have grown to that extent that now many countries in developing region have considered it as an alternative option to integrating into world economy and thus boosting their foreign TRADE and ensuring the mutual gain for the member countries. The very objectives of these regional TRADE arrangements are to reduce tariff barriers and to be the cause of increase in social welfare.But looking at the negotiations that are underway, a question that arise is that whether the formation of such TRADE unions, in particular in developing regions has been in line with the objective of boosting TRADE within member countries? and also whether growth of intra TRADE has brought about growth in TRADE with non member countries or not? If regional TRADE agreements bring about increase in intra TRADE it is the case for TRADE creation but if it comes at the cost of reducing TRADE with non-member countries it is the case for TRADE diversion.TRADE creation works towards the welfare improvement but TRADE diversion causes the loss of welfare. This paper has attempted to measure the TRADE creation and TRADE diversion in regional grouping of countries in Asia. To do so, three known Asian regional organizations namely, the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and association of south East Asian nations (ASEAN) have been selected for this purpose. Towards this ends the paper has utilized an extended version of a relatively well known gravity model to measure TRADE creation and TRADE diversion in these country groupings. Data used in this study covers the period of 2002-2006. The findings of this study indicate that over the period under investigation all the three regions have revealed TRADE diversion.

WTO was established to promote TRADE liberalization as part of the globalization process, but its founders gradually changed mind in XXI century by questioning commitments achieved in the Uruguay Round and Doha Ministerial Conference. President Trump reshaped US TRADE policy by adopting protectionist measures and starting TRADE wars with its TRADE partners. This article intends to respond to the question “ What are the causes of TRADE wars and what would be their implications for the multilateral trading system? ” The hypothesis is that TRADE wars happen either for inequality concerns in TRADE relations or in the sake of more profits with optimal tariffs. The findings of the research are that even stronger economies face difficulties in winning a TRADE war and thus will have little options other than seeking solutions in the multilateral trading system and its institutions, reason for what the world can be optimistic about the future of the multilateral trading system. International TRADE policy makers and business community leaders were preached in the XX century that TRADE liberalization could serve an effective mean to achieve economic growth and prosperity. Industrial countries encouraged developing nations that to become competitive in the global TRADE, to gradually remove TRADE barriers and encourage foreign investors to enter their markets, bring fresh funds and create new employment opportunities.

One of the longest-lasting controversies in the international macroeconomic literature is the purchasing power parity theory. It is the most controversial subject that has been tested with various econometric models in different timeframes and geographic data sets. It is a common assumption used regarding the exchange rate and the validity of the Law of One Price. The present article aimed to present a new model to estimate the fair value of exchange rate which is one of the most critical factors in TRADE balance among countries, based on balanced TRADE-monetary theory by assessing the under or over-valuation of currencies. We can assume that a country with a strong economy should have strong money and vice versa. The results showed undervaluation of the dollar versus Yuan, Pound and Yen by 1. 41, 1. 149, and 1. 126 times, respectively in 2018. Therefore, among the U. K., China, and Japan, Japan and the U. K. had a better TRADE balance with the U. S. than China.

The "Mosafira TRADE" or whole TRADE exchange between various commercial centers is one of specialties of economic TRADE in Saljukids period of Iran. In this paper, the TRADE relations of Iranian society in Saljukids period, in two spheres of agrarian and marine TRADE centers have been studied. The TRADE in the agrarian commercial centers was more between the city centers, and the marine TRADE was acted across TRADE seaports of south and north of Iran, the seaports of Fars and Omman Sea in south, and the seaport of Khazar in north. In this paper, the TRADE events and commercial relations among various TRADE centers and the causes of rise and decline of the situation of agrarian and marine TRADE centers, in contexts, have been studied.