Background: It is widely recognized that neuromuscular function is TEMPERATURE sensitive. Changes in muscle TEMPERATURE may affect muscle force development.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TEMPERATURE on wrist flexor muscles endurance.Methods: Fifteen healthy subjects (mean age 21.13±1.30 years) participated in the present study. The wrist flexor muscles endurance was measured before and after applying ice and hot packs over the forearm for 15 minutes. Paired t tests were used to compare differences between pre and post intervention endurance.Results: The results showed a significant increase in wrist flexor muscles endurance after heating. (P=0.04). We also found that, cooling the forearm muscles leaded to significant decrease of wrist flexor muscles endurance (P=0.01).Conclusion: These results suggest that hand function is TEMPERATURE sensitive.Therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of cold on muscular function in people working in workplaces with extreme TEMPERATURE.

Functional monomers, such as 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropionic sulfonic acid (AMPS), N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP), and acrylamide (AM), were copolymerized into terpolymer microspheres by inverse suspension polymerization. The structure, morphology, swelling, and TEMPERATURE resistance of the microspheres were comprehensively characterized through several means, including a 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscope, scanning electron microscope, optical microscope, and laser particle size analyzer (LPSA). The results showed that the AM, AMPS, and NVP monomers were initially polymerized to form smooth and uniformly dispersed terpolymer microspheres. The particle size distribution of the microspheres ranged from 60 to 90 μ, m at a stirring speed of 300 rpm. The microspheres fully absorbed water and swelled to 21. 9 times at 120 °, C compared with dry powder microspheres. The ternary copolymer microsphere/water dispersion system can only withstand a 120 °, C TEMPERATURE for 19 days. However, this TEMPERATURE resistance of the microspheres can be effectively improved by adding the appropriate stabilizer solution. The microspheres can be stabilized for at least 42 days and 120 days in 0. 1% thiourea--cobalt chloride composite stabilizer solution and 0. 025% LY stabilizer solution, respectively, at 120 °, C. It can be seen that the microspheres, water, and stabilizer systems have excellent long-term thermal stability. The AM/AMPS/NVP microspheres with TEMPERATURE resistance will have broad application prospects in high-TEMPERATURE reservoirs.

Background: Axilla, mouth, and rectum are the most common sites for thermometric measurement. There is no universally accepted belief about how to predict one of them from othersMethods: In a cross-sectional hospital based study at two educational hospitals in Qazvin Province, mercury in glass thermometers were used and then calibrated with digital thermometer within ±0.1oC. The axillary TEMPERATURE was compared with oral or rectal ones in 50 infants, 100 children, and 100 adults.Results: The mean difference between axillary and rectal TEMPERATURE in infants was 0.366oC (±0.21), while those between oral and axilary in children and adults were 0.667oC (±0.37) and 0.494oC (±0.3), respectively. Among infants, 98% of the oral and rectal readings were stabilized at 5 and 3 minutes, respectively. In children, 98% of the oral readings were stabilized at five but for axilla, 99% by 6 minutes. For adults, 95% of the oral readings were stabilized at 5 minutes while for axilla, it was 96% by 6 minutes.Conclusion: In less than 3 month old infants, axillary TEMPERATURE accurately reflects the rectal TEMPERATURE. Axillary and rectal thermometry in infants should be read after 5 and 3 minutes, while oral TEMPERATURE in children and adults should be read after 6 and 5 minutes, respectively.

Cyclopentene is known to undergo equilibrium polymerization through a metathesis reaction which its bulk and solution polymerizations have been thoroughly investigated. However, we have found that under specific experimental conditions, this monomer polymerizes in the gas phase. The gas phase polymerization is defined here as the conversion of pure gaseous monomer into polymer in the condensed phase. Pure gaseous cyclopentene is found to polymerize on a glass surface in the upper part of the ampoule above the liquid phase when the polymerization is initiated with only tungsten hexachloride. Polymerizations are carried out under high vacuum and in the 10-60oC TEMPERATURE range. In presence of methanol, the colourless formed polymer shrinks slightly, then it can be removed easily from the glass surface and simply dried under vacuum without any other purification process. From kinetic measurements, an overall activation energy of 63.47 kJ/mol is obtained for the conversion of one mole of gaseous monomer to one unit of condensed polymer. GPC Chromatograms of polymer samples are compared with chromatograms of polystyrene standards obtained in the same conditions in chloroform. All polymer chromatograms show a narrow molar mass distribution. Elution peaks of the polymer correspond to peaks obtained for the standards with high molar mass ranging from 2×104 to above 2×106 g/mol. 1H NMR Spectra at 200 MHz show no loss of double bonds in the polymer, nor any presence of tertiary proton. This results indicate that the polymer is linear and branching or cross-linking, if present, cannot be detected. Spectra obtained through 13C NMR spectrometry at 22.63MHz allow the determination of the proportion of cis and trans configurations.

Background: In embryological culture dishes, there is a TEMPERATURE decline when they are removed outside incubators. This study aimed at investigating the effects of this TEMPERATURE decline within a certain time frame, the type of culture dish with or without the use of laminar air flow and whether it is possible to achieve a sufficient thermal control with the use of a heating stage. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the TEMPERATUREs of four different types of polystyrene dishes [50 mm intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 35 mm, 60 mm, 90 mm], filled with culture medium and oil were recorded for a period of 10 minutes outside the incubator. TEMPERATURE was measured with an infrared thermographic camera. The reference TEMPERATURE was 37° C. Four parameters were analyzed: the type of dishes, air flow, a heating stage at 37° C and 38. 5° C. Results: There was a time-dependant significant TEMPERATURE decline outside the incubator in all types of dishes and under all experimental conditions. Under air flow TEMPERATURE decline increased compared to the no air flow condition. The use of a heating stage at either 37° C or 38. 5° C slightly improved the situation in most cases. After three minutes out of the incubator without a heating stage and air flow, the TEMPERATURE was <34° C; with air flow and without a heating stage the TEMPERATURE was <33° C. When a heating stage was used, the TEMPERATURE was <36° C, except when using ICSI dishes. When ICSI dishes were on a heating stage they maintained a TEMPERATURE close to 37° C with or without air flow. In all experimental conditions the highest decline was recorded with the 90 mm dishes. Conclusion: Time is crucial for managing the TEMPERATURE decline in culture dishes when out of the incubator. Under air laminar flow, the heat loss is greater, when with a heating stage at 37° C or better at 38. 5° C this loss decreases but still exists. ICSI flat bottom dishes give the best results when heated stages are used. Flat bottom dishes maintain the TEMPERATURE rather efficiently. Based on our findings, the use of flat bottom dishes should become a universal practice in in vitro fertilization (IVF).