This paper discusses the impact of the Social science deficiencies on formation of a comprehensive Social justice theory. The Enlightenment project introduced a new concept of society and Social science based on rationalism. This project introduced a new perception of rationality independent of the historical and Social background and independent of any perception of human nature or goal. Nevertheless, moral concepts are not timeless and invariant, that is, they cannot be defined and understood free from their own history or Social Context. Moral concepts that form the foundations of our understanding of a well-established and just society should be studied historically and understood vis-a-vis their cultural or Social, context. Nevertheless, not only the promises of the Enlightenment project were not fulfilled, but this project is now held to have been fundamentally faulty and deficient and its promises being futile. Hence, the modern political and moral thought has been in a perplexed and confused state.Social knowledge stemmed from the Enlightenment project has established the culture of sociology that after three centuries is faced with fundamental challenges. These challenges indicate structural deficiencies in dominant Social knowledge that in turn constrain the capacity to form a comprehensive moral theory is an absolute necessity for a comprehensive Social justice theory, a theory that is robust in relation to the relativity of time and place.Social justice theories based on the Enlightenment knowledge can be classified into two general categories; egoistic (or individualistic) and Socially oriented ones. The former is based on the concept of individual as a unit of moral interests and concerns. In this perception the sanctity of individual life and respect of his or her dignity is recognized based on moral equality of human beings. In this sense, this category of Social justice theory is considered individualistic. The second category of Social justice theories considers individuals bound in a committed relationship through which its Social nature is formed. This committed relationship produces duties the members of the relationship owe to the collectivity. These duties in turn guarantee rights that meet the members' intersts. Deficiencies of individualistic and holistic methodologies are among the other obstacles to the formation of a comprehensive Social justice theory.

The concept of metatheory in the Social Sciences literature has emerged under various labels such as meta-sociology, reflexive sociology, and sociology of sociology. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and analyze sociological metatheory. This paper is based on the study of the major works of metatheory proponents and critical discussions of its opponents. The paper reviews meta-theory definitions and provides a clear definition of it. Also, the relationship of metatheory with the concept of reflexivity is considered and the benefits of metatheory and criticisms against it are raised. Many sociologists and theorists have stressed the need for the development of Social theory. Since metatheory is an effective step in enriching theories, more attention should be devoted to this area.

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is one of the essential prerequisites for many natural language processing tasks. All public corpora for Persian named entity recognition such as ParsNERCorp and ArmanPersoNERCorpus are based on the Bijankhan corpus, which is originated from the Hamshahri newspaper in 2004. Correspondingly, most of the published named entity recognition models in Persian are specially tuned for the news data and are not flexible enough to be applied in different text categories such as Social media texts. In this work, we introduce ParsNER-Social, a corpus for training named entity recognition models in the Persian language built from Social media sources. This corpus consists of 205, 373 tokens, and their NER tags crawled from Social media contents, including 10 Telegram channels in 10 different categories. Furthermore, three supervised methods are introduced and trained based on the ParsNER-Social corpus: two conditional random field models as baseline models and one state-of-the-art deep learning model with six different configurations are evaluated on the basis of the proposed dataset. The experiments performed show that the Mono-Lingual Persian models based on Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (MLBERT) outperform the other approaches on the ParsNER-Social corpus. Among the different configurations of the MLBERT models, the ParsBERT+BERT-TokenClass model has obtained an F1-score of 89. 65%.

Today, methodological turns in humanities and Social Sciences are key concepts in explaining many categories of and changes in these fields. These turns could be found in many articles and many use them. In this paper, at first, two important turns in humanities are explained: the linguistic and cultural turns. Then, some methodological turns such as narrative, biographical and auto-biographical, and historical turns are illustrated. The philosophical bases, such as methodological opposition to positivism, are also depicted. Altogether, changes from positivistic approach to the more humanistic ones, like interpretative views and positional change from quantitative to qualitative methods, permits the possibility of studying new aspects of Social life. In this paper, some of the methodological aspects of these turns are reviewed.

In the philosophy of Social Sciences, some philosophers emphasize on the similarities of Social and natural Sciences with regard to the subject, method, and aim. Others observe fundamental differences in this respect. The most important arguments that the advocates of each side offer are listed in this article. Are the Social Sciences experimental in the same meaning that the natural Sciences are? Are there any differences in their methods? Are the aims of Social Sciences similar to the aims of natural Sciences? Do Social Sciences contain general statements similar to the natural laws in physical Sciences? The texts of the general philosophy of Social Sciences are reviewed to explore the various responses to these questions.

In this article the concept of explanation has been described etymologically and terminologically. Then we classified the philosophy of Social Sciences into ontological and epistemological approaches. In ontological approach, we introduced five methodologies including individualism, holism, dialecticism, systemism and realism. Concerning the epistemological approach, we introduced two explanation models including deductive and inductive models. Based on the same approach, various methods of explanation are classified and introduced briefly. This article aimed to draw a general scheme of explanation methods and determines their extents in regard to other methods.

Comparative method is one of the oldest methods in the Social science research. Nonetheless, its procedures are undergoing a continuing process of elaboration and sophistication. This paper initially attempts to explicate Ragin's QCA (Quantitative Comparative Analysis) method and its application in Social Sciences. QCA is a new method for the comparative analysis in the historical, political and sociological arenas. Finally, Cronqvist's MQCA (Multi-value Quantitative Comparative Analysis), as a more complicated version of Ragin' s QCA, will be discussed.

This article aims to analyze motivations behind Social Sciences blog posts citing journal articles in order to find out whether blog citations of scholarly journal articles are good indicators for the societal impact of research. A random sample of 300 Social Sciences blog posts (out of 1,233 blog posts) from Research Blogging published between 01/01/2012 to 18/06/2014 subjected to content analysis. An existing categorization scheme was used and modified inductively. The 300 blog posts had 472 references including 424 journal articles from 269 different journals. Sixty-one (%22.68) of all journals cited were from the category of Social Sciences and most of the journals with high frequency were highly cited general science journals such as PNAS and Science. Seventy-five percent of all journals were referenced only once. The average age of articles cited was 5.8 years. The most frequent (38, %12.67) motivation was to ‘neutrally presenting details of a study’. Overall, Social science blogs were rather subject-oriented than articleoriented. This means that a considerable number of blog posts were not driven simply by writing about an article, instead bloggers tend to write about their subject of interest and use references to support their argument. The study shows the potential of blog citations as an altmetric measure and as a proxy for assessing the research impact.

Indigenization of Social Sciences is one of the important issues in scientific development in the Third World countries which has close relations with the developments in the field of modern sociology of science. The main objective of the present paper is to demonstrate that normal science can lead to indigenization of Social Sciences. For this purpose, in the first place two approaches, i. e. positivist and critical (historicist) to Social Sciences were explained and their viewpoints about the necessity of indigenization of Social Sciences were discussed. It was found that contrary to the first approach, the second approach considers indigenization of Social Sciences a fundamental necessity. In the next step, the conceptual framework of the research, i. e. Thomas Cohen’ s theory of scientific revolutions was explained briefly to shed light on the status and meaning of the gradual and revolutionary scientific changes and normal science in scientific research in Cohen’ s perspective. Then, by alluding to the five fundamental dimensions of research in Social Sciences – that is, selection of the subject, selection of research method, exploration, description and explanation – indigenization was discussed in each dimension in positivist and critical approaches. The findings indicate that despite fundamental theoretical differences between the two paradigms, when the advocates of the two approaches practically engage in a serious research, the outcome of their activities are indigenization of Social Sciences. Therefore, what is important is that the researchers, who follow any of the two approaches, engage in serious, precise critical research and go through all stages of the process of research from selection of the subject to explanation and criticism of theory.