Modernism is one of the most significant and informative books written in the field of literary theory and criticism. It is an easy-access, wide-ranging and efficient book that tries to explore different aspects of Modernism and its neighboring concepts. Despite its limited space, it has fully rendered the humongous burden of Modernism and demonstrating its various aspects. The book comprises an introduction and three main chapters. It starts off with a set of definitions for Romance, Realism, Modernism, and Postmodernism. Childs endeavors to approach the discussion in a comparative light, particularly the comparison between Modernism and Postmodernism in the introduction. The book is more concerned with the close analysis of movements in contexts and literary works rather than entangling with pure abstract definitions. The discussion about Modernism is accompanied by adjacent movements such as Postmodernism and Realism and marginalized points are included as well. Instead of coming up with rock-solid definitions, Childs seeks to look for traces of each movement in the other and how these terms are overlapped and intertwined.

Short story appeared in 19th century. For the industrial society citizens who had not enough time for reading, it was a great opportunity. This literary genre has a considerable place in the world contemporary literature. Studying the morphology of Short story, makes us acquainted with the role of space, action and characters and their structural usage in this genre. Morphologic approach to Mateo Falcones story, reveals a section of a life to reader; through this section, the structural elements of a Short story, have been examined and analyzed.

The present article studies the Short stories by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra the Iraqi writer who was born in Palestine. He is among the neo-writers of Arabic literature concerning poetry, translation, criticism and novel. His collection “Ergh and other Stories” is one of his first experiences in story writing. His stories seem to be an introduction or a conclusion to his novel which was inspired by romantic literature and mixes romanticism, realism and symbolism. Jabra writes from the breadth of his imagination until reality is revealed.   France: Jabra et la nouvelle   Le présent article tente d’étudier la nouvelle d’un auteur palestinien, Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. Il est l’un des écrivains modernes de la littérature arabe dans les domaines de la poésie, de traduction et de critique. Aragh et Gessase Okhra est sa première création romanesque.Inspirant du romantisme, il crée ses nouvelles, c’est pourquoi, on les considère comme la suite de ses romans. Il est à souligner qu’il combine le romantisme, le réalisme et le symbolisme.keywords: littérature, Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, nouvel, analyse, critique   German: Gbra und die kurze Geschichte   In diesem Artkel wird “Gbra” geschrieben von irakischen Schriftsteller überprüft. Er gehort zu den Neureren, in der Hinsicht, Gedicht, Übersetzug, Kretik und Roman der arabischen Literatur.Der Konspekt “Aragh va Ghsas Akhari” zahlt zu seiner ersten Erfahrungen. Seine Gedichte sind eine Mischung aus Romanismus, Realismus und Symbolismus. Gbra schreibt von seinen Traumen, bis sie in der wirklichkeit vorfallen.Keywords: Literatur, Gbra Ibrahim Gbra, kurze Geschichte, Übersicht, Kretik   Italian: Yabra y corto relato   Este articulo estudia el cuento corto de Yabra Ibrahim Yabra, el escritor iraqui, nacido en Palestina. El es de las vanguardias de la literatura arabe en poema, traduccion, critica y novela. Una de sus primeras experiencias en el campo de novela es Ergh y Ghesas Ojra (el celo y otros cuantos). Los cuentos de este literario son como un prologo, o una continuacion de su novela, en los que se ha inspirado de la literatura romantica, y mezcla el romanticismo, realismo y simbolismo. Yabra escribe la amplitud de sus imaginaciones hasta que lo transforme en la realidad. Keywords: literatura, Yabra Ibrahim Yabra, relato corto, estudiar, critica   Spanish: Jabra e il racconto Quest’articolo si tratta di revisionare il racconto di Jebra Ibrahim Jebra, lo scrittore iracheno, nato in Palestine.Lui considera come uno degli scrittori modernizzati nella letteratura araba nei campi poetici, traduzione, critica ed I romanzi.Il volume nominato “orogh e ghesase okhra” e’ una delle prime sperienze letterarie sue.I racconti di questa persona saggia, come se fosse una prefazione o un continuo del suo racconto che per scriverlo ha ispirato dalla letteratura romantica e si mischia Il Romanticismo, Il Realismo, ed Il Simbolismo. Jebra scrive dalla fine del suo illusion finche’ ad apparirlo come la realta’.Keywords: Letteratura, Jebra Ibrahim Jebra, Racconto, Revisionare, Critica

Minimalism is a movement in art and literature which is said to have its origin in the post- Vietnam- war America. The movement, which took place in visual arts first, has been always associated with the notions of smallness, Shortness and the minimum usage of artistic representation devices; which is a sort of "reduction". This essay analyzes the minimalist Short story. For this purpose, a brief history of minimalism as a movement in art and fiction has been provided first. Afterward, the nature of minimalist Short story has been described and then some characteristics of the minimalist Short story, such as language, characterization, plot, etc are discussed.

Recently, postmodern theories are the main theoretical framework for many published studies in postmodern theories, whatever the reason is for considering these theories. The application of this theory is usually done in two forms. A) Through presenting a simplistic reading of Postmodernism (in this case, the differences between the postmodern theories are being ignored), its main components such as uncertainty, etc., are also extracted, and then the text is analyzed in terms of the components. B) Only such postmodern theories as Derrida's (de) construction are the building block for the text analysis. Despite a lot of studies, it seems that the application of postmodern theory did not play any significant role in enhancing our knowledge. Although there are several reasons for this failure, one of the main reasons to such demerits is the simplistic reading and reductive application of postmodern theory. The present article seeks to investigate one of the most important elements, namely Short story based on postmodern theory. Furthermore, it specifically aims to address the Short story in Iran as framed in postmodern stories (with emphasis on chapter 9, the Postmodernism characterizing based on Foucault's theory) to disclose the outcomes and the reasons why reductionism and simplistic reading occurs in such works.

In this paper, Persian Short storyis studied in the light of Tzvetan Todorov’s Narrative Theory. The hypothesis of this research is that there are various types of relations among the sequences, and each relation serves one or more functions. For this purpose, seven collections of Persian Short stories written by outstanding writers were selected. These collections consist of 63 Short stories, beginning with Jamalzadeh, the founder of this genre in Persian literature, and ending with Ahmad Mahmoud covering a period of fifty years. After analyzing deductively the selected stories it is demonstrated that there are many kinds of relations among the sequences of narratives, such as contrastive relation, memorial relation and stichomythic relation. In addition, each of these relations serves some functions, such as prescience, foregrounding of the story’s content and creation of suspense.

Short story has recently become the focus of attention in the late decades in Iran. The expanding value of writing Short story is actually a reasonable outcome of the dominance of minimalism- a movement which is based upon simplicity and Shortness. Minimalist writers, leaving out redundant features of narration, mainly focus on essentialities through applying a variety of techniques such as cuttings from the interesting moments of real life, evading introduction, applying inter-referents, and choice of words, Short stanzas and sentences and so on. Looking upon critic's opinion about such a tendency over the past and present, this article will come up with a brief explanation of the properties of such stories. Finally a sample story "candles will never go dead" will be analyzed and discussed in the lights of such techniques.

Sources available in Persian language about the literary genre of "Short Short story" are, in comparison with sources about the Short story, very scarce. Likewise, Iranian writers of fictions are more motivated to write Short stories than Short Short stories. This essay offers a definition of the Short Short story and proceeds to explain the structure of this form of fiction and discusses its elements. The next section of the essay presents a detailed analysis of "Safheye Havades", a typical Short Short story written by the contemporary Iranian writer Ali Ghane'. It is argued, in this analysis, that the author has succeeded in exploiting the potentials of this literary genre to defamiliarize some aspects of social realities and that in fact this Short Short story could be considered as a critical commentary on the dominant culture of our society, a commentary through which the author has managed to critically scrutinize our habituation to tragedy as an everyday phenomenon as well as our solipsistic behavior.

Cohesion is one of the interesting topics for linguists, including functional linguists to analyze the text. In their view text analysis is the study of communication, correlation and links, between the sentences in written and verbal texts. In other word, the important thing in this analysis is the concept of cohesion and how the meanings of sentences or propositions in a text are connected together. This paper, discussed and analyzed the cohesion of “ Adl" a Short story from the book “ Short Stories” by Sadegh Chubak by using the Theory of Halliday and Hasan (1985) in the functional linguistics. According to this theory, having cohesion is a feature of a text. Thus, the poetry and prose texts according to their own content and how to use cohesion elements are distinct, and distinguished in terms of grading of cohesion. In the present study, it is examined how to use elements of cohesion in the text, and the application of each elements of cohesion were compared. After analyzing the data, it was concluded that the grammatical cohesion used much more than lexical cohesion in "Adl" Short story, and the most of the examples of grammatical cohesion are related to personal references. This conclusion is entirely consistent with Chubak's salient stylistic features, such as; Characterization, folk writing, swiftness and describing the subject of the story. Characterization of the story and describing their actions were shaped in real environment by using slang, colloquial expressions and personal references. The results of this study confirms the high frequency of grammatical cohesion elements than the lexical cohesion elements in fiction literature. Using the correlative conjunction "And" between two clauses called additive conjunction in Halliday's Theory has a high frequency in Chubak’ s prose. The effect of "And" and using Short sentences to speed up the prose is one of the Chubak’ s stylistic features which is obvious. Speed and acceleration in prose is the feature of Short story. Chubak creates a simple, coherent prose without complexity, by using more grammatical cohesion elements, so there is not appeared any slightest meaning gap from start to the end of the story.

There is no single and universal definition of Postmodernism to be found in reference books and literary sources, agreed by all theorists and applicable to all types of postmodern stories. Most theorists emphasize that this concept cannot be pinned down by a broad and all-inclusive definition. Seeking comprehensive definitions is certainly indicative of a rational approach; yet Postmodernism, which challenges modern rationality, is in principle against single and universal definitions and instead favours plurality and paradox. Nevertheless, there are links and inter-connections in the various theories of Postmodernism which bring certain aspects of postmodern thinkers’ ideas close to each other. The blurring of the distinction between imagination and reality in postmodern stories is one of these common ideas, a typical instance of which can be found in the contemporary Iranian author Ali Khodaee’s Short story “Warm Me Up throughout Winter”. Reading this story according to Brian McHale’s theory of Postmodernism and then citing similar concepts introduced by Barry Lewis and David Lodge will illustrate how close the ideas of these three thinkers are despite their differing terminologies.