The first-order stereology methods are applied to estimate the volume, surface, length, and number of the biologic structures under normal and experimental conditions. Hitherto, the quantitative information concerning the three-dimensional (3D) ARRANGEMENT of structural and ultra-structural particles has received less attention. The second-order stereology can also provide additional information about the SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT of the components, e.g. cells or organelles.

Objective: The objective of investigation was to study the SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT of the cartilage canals in chick tibial upper chondroepiphysis by computerized reconstruction. Materials and Methods: Chick eggs from Hybro strain was obtained and incubated at 38±0.5Cº and humidity of 50%. The eggs were opened on days 9, 10, 11, 12, 14 and 16 of incubation and their right upper tibial chondroepiphysis were dissected and fixed with Bouin's fluid. The specimens were then processed and embedded in paraffin wax.Five micrometer sagittal serial sections were prepared, stained with H&E (Hematoxilin and Eosin) and used in reconstruction. A zeiss microscope, equipped with Camera Lucida was used for drawing profiles of the canals and perichondrium. Using version 14 of Auto CAD, three-dimensional images were built and observed from numerous points of view.Results: The first cartilage canal was appeared at day 10 in condylar region. A few hours later, the tubercular canal was formed. In general, the canals were penetrated from three distinct surfaces: the anterior and superior surfaces of the tubercle and the posterior surfaces of the medial and lateral condyles. Immediately after entering, nearly all the canals were extended toward the medial or lateral aspects of the chondroepiphysis from which no canals took their origin. All of the cartilage canals connected with the perichondrium and their branching did not follow a specific pattern.The condylar canals did not unite with the tubercular ones.Conclusion: The cartilage canals in upper tibial chondroepiphysis of the chick embryo which took their origin from three distinct surfaces have a rather complex ARRANGEMENT.Tubercular canals did not unite with that from condyles.

Today the most prominent health and environmental problems of cities is ascending trend of solid wastes that should be managed and the institutionalization of phenomena such as recycling, composting, and biogas energy recovery from municipal solid waste be taken into consideration. By considering more than 65 percent of organic wastes in urban garbage in the study area, there was observed a need to investment in the production of compost. Process to determine the suitability of land for locating compost production units requires consideration of multiple criteria. That makes use of multi-criteria analysis models and techniques in this paper. The application of TOPSIS Model as one of the leading techniques in multi-criteria decision making has been examined in experimental field of research and resulting output has been presented in the form of classified SPATIAL suitability of land for the deployment of composting units. Results of the research indicate that the pixels in the output map of the model which were introduced by priority, had the optimal conditions in terms of criteria that were considered in locating. Therefore, this model can be used as a Decision Support System (DSS), in the modeling SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT of compost production centers (centers for composting municipal organic wastes).

This paper has accomplished to survey of the SPATIAL arrangment of mazandaran cities and its reasons. The research method is an analytical descriptive method and has been used quantitative techniques such as nearest neighbourhood index, Dispersion about the medium centre, Lorenz curve and Pearson correlation for analysis of data and to show of the results soft wares of Corel Draw, Spss and Excel were used.Results of the research indicated that in studied region with Uniform distribution of perapitation, fertile soils and normal temperature, the geographic distribution of cities has cluster status. For this status, except of natural parameters some human factors such as transit roads, eliminate of deprivation policies played an important role In the 1385 year, 82.3 percent of the all cities (51) lied in the plain section, 56.8 percent were ahead of transit roads, 31.3 located in the sea side and 49.01 percent were in the rivers side.

Future studies in Territorial planning focus on finding key factors, drivers and uncertainties in the development of regions in the planning space. This is in the way that the planner can map and manage a desirable future by having them as a control lever. The purpose of this study is to identify the effective factors on the planning of Khorasan-e- Razavi province, to identify the key variables of the province's development and finally to develop effective scenarios for the province's planning. The research process is practical in terms of purpose, and the research method is descriptive-analytic. The nature of the data is qualitative. The data are collected through survey and from documents and records. Data analysis is based on futures research techniques including environmental scanning, structural analysis, and cross-impact analysis. The results of the research show that among the developed scenarios, province planning will face 22 strong adaptive scenarios, 2740 weak adaptive scenarios, and 1837 inconsistent scenarios, in the future. Of the 22 possible scenarios, eight scenarios have a favorable status, two scenarios have interstitial status, and 12 scenarios are in an unfavorable situation. Between the favorable scenarios, Scenario 1 is the best and the most likely scenario ahead of the province and all of its possible probabilities are quite desirable.

In order to study the effect of corn density and SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT on growth and physiological indices of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) a field experiment was carried out at Esfahan agricultural research station 2003. Treatments were arranged in a factorial split experiment based on RCBD with three replications. Factorial ARRANGEMENT of corn densities (74000 and 111000 plant ha-1) and planting patterns (single row, rectangular twin row and zigzag twin row) formed the main plots. Split-plots referred to pigweed densities (0, 4, 8 and 12 plant m-1). In addition three experimental plots pigweed pure stand (4, 8 and 12 plant m-1) established in each block. In order to determine pigweed leaf area and dry matter accumulation, destructive sampling of pigweed started at 29 days after corn emergence with 14 days interval. Results indicated that pigweed leaf area index (LAI), total dray matter accumulation (TDM) and weed growth rate (WGR) decreased in corn existence. More corn density, more decrease in weed growth, in such a manner dense corn population, lead to 26.2, 16 and 19.7 percent loss in pigweed LAI, TDM and WGR respectively. These indices influenced more by corn twin row patterns compare to single rows, also effects of zigzag twin row were higher than rectangular twin row, in such a manner in the highest pigweed density, zigzag twin row reduced pigweed LAI, TDM and WGR about 7.9, 4.1 and 6.1 percent more than rectangular twin row pattern. Finally results showed that corn planting pattern effect on pigweed growth indices were lower than corn density. So extending of twin row patterns with increase density of corn can develop its competition ability and suppress the pigweed growth without chemical herbicide application.

Introduction Since Tehran has been chosen as Iran’ s capital, it has left behind several difficult challenges as: world wars, the transition from tradition to modernism and postmodernism and the effects of global development. Since the primary formation the process of urbanization and urban development has undergone a lot of changes. These changes and vicissitudes influenced by a variety of conditions such as, place, time, internal and external factors has made changes in the form, shape and size of the city which in turn lead to a series of new conditions such as the dimension and physical expanding of the suburb. A continuously dynamics process during which the physical surrounding of the city and its dimension are always developing and changing in different qualities and directions. The continuous process of this rapid growth destroys the physical form of the city and loses the balance of the sustainable base of the city or the zone. The purpose of this research is to study the formation and development of the physical shape of space layout and its effects on the present situation and also to study the proportionality of these elements on Tehrans zone 22 as a developing zone. The physical development growth is influenced by natural and human phenomena and parameters, and causes the spans, and these changes are continuous and sequential. The effect of this factor has been different and varied in different parts of the world. Urban growth in its nature has rebellious substantiate character, which needs to harness, direct, control, and policy makers. Because, it must be with intellectual and logical, advocate, control making houses, and so it could lead to eliminating the causes of reasonable construction of physical abnormalities that prevent arises. Despite the awareness, the adverse effects caused by uncontrolled development cannot be prevented from developing cities today. Reviewing the research about mantagheh22, the question that is importance is: Is there any method for sustainability in the new regions, around the city as the main bases of the city? The recent face, morph and form of mantagheh 22 Tehran city, how much is the nearby sustainability in city and power and potential of this zone important? And how we can try to whit the sustainability view in remaining city morph, the houses of region? Methodology: The method used in this study is descriptive method, library studies, field operation and frequent visits to sites, maps, tables and graphs. This study is an applicable descriptive analysis. This research is a descriptive, objective, consistent, and genuine characteristics of Tehran 22 zone as a study subject, that is, the urban sustainability of this zone. The approaches used in this study are data analyses such as random sampling by interviewing the different peple in the area as shopkeepers and sightseers of Chitgar Lake, analysis of the causes, forms and contemporary forms, structural elements of space and expression of the results in the context of sustainable urban development on individual bases. Results and discussion: This research is an analysis of the proportionality ARRANGEMENT of the SPATIAL physical elements in Mantaghe 22 Tehran with urban sustainable development view whom at the beginning explained physical space of Mantagheh 22, then, spoked about the ARRANGEMENT of SPATIAL element and physical space in this zone. The function and situation of regional towns in this zone and their location show this reality, that distribution of physical space consists of full and vacant space. Types of houses generally are similar in, material, forms, quality architecture, density and floors. In older spaces limit and boundary domains are blend, so we can, see boundary of towns, in such area, the image of the city loses its identity. In new towns apartment building the image of city faces with contradiction, conflict, space illegibility. They destroy the sky line, porosity, the landscape and the symmetry, and they also caase unsustainability in the design of physical space. So design is without quiddity and modality, the main space is lost, and alienism, so that spectator has faced confusion. Spaces are strongly unsustainable, without sense, emotion, spirit, and it seems that these town spaces just build to sleep role. This condition and problems of space is less seen in the oldest towns, because that’ s built with plan. Conclusion: At the beginning of this research I asked a question of how the new regions around the city, which in this research named growth zone, is led to sustainability? It seems that because these regions, are in different condition, they are always in physical growth. The changes are continuing until get relativey stabe, that may take event several years. In length of this long time, City growth zone as the result of input and output condition behind the challenges may take a long time to reach relative stability to get out to relative balances. So we can say that it may get out to sustainability in urban planning, city design, but to receive that it needs more study of the different and local condition of the city. It seems there are solutions for the city but it maybe like an exam that includes true and false options problem. Another subject that is explained in this research is how we can try to get optimized image and form of Mantage 22? It may be said that today this region of Tehran city is in bad condition, as some people who have some common and illegal interests may be interested in misusing the situation. These common interests cause a form of competition. These competitions may result in the changes of the image of the city, and put it in bad conditions, which is outside the usual rules. These regulations change the image of the city.

Background: House in Islam, is considered as a center for teaching probity and creating a societywithout corruption and sin. Quran defines the best settlement for a human being the one, which is consistent with his needs and provides context for his growth and excellence. However, the mentioned factors are forgotten in contemporary housing and the Islamic theme is almost removed from the Iranian houses. So today we are witnessing houses far from the traditional Iranian pattern, which was combined with the rich Iranian-Islamic culture. In order to eliminate the gap between traditional and contemporary pattern, it is necessary to retrieve the values and principles considered in traditional architecture.Researchers in this area, introduce features such as «unity, security, identity, coexistence with nature, moderation and social justice, beauty, hierarchy, preference spirituality, perfectionism, modesty, humility, purity, centrality, equality, privacy and comfort for Islamic house.Purpose: Recent research in a different approach was after the principles, mentioned in Quran aboutthe desired space ARRANGEMENT in Islamic house, and by examining a sample of Iranian-Islamic house SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT, tryed to discover the latent geometry of Iranian-Islamic house SPATIAL structure.The purpose of the current study at the first step was to achieve the indicators affecting the desiredSPATIAL ARRANGEMENT in Islamic perspective by grounded theory, and then evaluating the priorities of these indicators in Iranian- Islamic house SPATIAL structure.Methods: the methodology of the research was divided in to two main sections; the grounded theory and the case study method.In the first section, in order to investigate the pattern of desired SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT, the relatedverses extracted from Quran. Then, for apprehending the intention of each verse, the key points extracted from three different Quran interpretations; Al-Mizan interpretation, Noor interpretation, and Nemuneh interpretation. These key points then changed to codes (open coding). At the next stage, the codes with similar concepts gathered in groups called concepts. Psychological effects, social effects, residence interpretations, building orientation, visual contact of spaces, permeability control and different aspects of safety such as personal, bio-climatic and psychological, were some of the concepts extracted at this step. Then in axial coding, the concepts similar in content, created categories. Hence, the categories including the importance of Islamic residence, the importance ofdesired residence, importance of security, zoning, control and permeability, and the aims of the Islamic house, were some of the created categories. Finally the theory devise by selective coding. Selective coding was used after having found the core variable, which was the “characteristics of the Islamic residence” that was thought to be the core and explained the main concern. When the core variable was chosen, the data were selectively coded with the core guiding the coding not bothering about concepts with little importance to the core and its sub cores. Hence, the categories related to each other, and made four main sub cores; causal factors that include factors defining the cause of the investigation; underlying factors that defines the background of the investigation; preventive effects including factors that prevent achieving the main core; and strategies, which defines the solutions for achieving the goal. So, with the use of the grounded theory, the model of desired SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT extracted from Quran. Thus, the three key features of the desired ARRANGEMENT and their application strategies defined: A) bioclimatic comfort and safety. B) Zoning.C) Monitoring and Control.The second part of the research was devoted to the case study and assessed the extent to which the strategies were applied to Rasoulian house. At this stage, according to the extracted model, application of strategies for preparing bio-climatic comfort (appropriate orientation and SPATIAL settlement of the building), appropriate zoning (visual hierarchy and connectivity of spaces and zones) and monitoring and control (space prmeability and permeability control of spaces and zone) evaluated in the case study in three scales: microscale, macro scale, and middle scale. The macro scale evaluated the extent to which the climatic factors were applied to the building. Zoning and monitoring factors evaluated with space syntax method and its two related software programs; “a-Graph” software, used for justification graph and permeability indicators analysis including mean depth (MD), relative integration and Control, and “Depth map” software, used for visibility graph and visual indicators analysis including visual connectivity and visual control. The mentioned indicators were analyzed both in micro and middle scales. Finally the evaluated indicators were scored according to their responsibility to the Islamic house aims mentioned in extracted model.Results: According to the results, the example of Islamic-Iranian accommodation was in full compliance with environmental factors. The hierarchy of access and visibility control of access to the space results in more security from theft, psychological security, personal and family privacy, and provides a hierarchically well segregated complex. Besides, the great integration of private and semi-private arenas shows the importance of familiarity in Iranian- Islamic house structure. However, the high integration of public arena (the entrance) with the complex, which means easy access from entrance to the other spaces of complex, was inappropriate for security from theft, as well as individual and family privacy.Also visibility of the private spaces from the half-private arena, damages the personal privacy. Moreover, the same permeability of semi-public and semi-private sectors from entrance, which means the separation according to permeability was not performed well and may undermine the privacy of the family. Evaluation of the permeability of entrance space resulted in the priority of privacy to safety in placement of spaces.Also the linear settlement of some interior spaces with opening on both interior and exterior facades, between interior and exterior yard, shows the importance of bioclimatic comfort in space ARRANGEMENT. So the features according to their priority in SPATIAL organization of Rasoulian house were as below: According to the results, the most important issue was the adaptation to climatic factors and creating climate comfort by taking advantage of natural conditions and connection with nature. So, establishing bioclimatic comfort and security was prior to two other defined characteristics. That is while security of invade or theft was less important than the other aspects of security in the SPATIAL structure of this Iranian- Islamic house example.

One of the most important urban uses of educational centers is that the proper planning and SPATIAL distribution of them with functional scales, principles of proximity to other urban uses and location in the desired SPATIAL area are among the issues that should be considered by urban planners. In this regard, this study aimed to analyze the pattern of SPATIAL distribution of educational centers (high schools) and its organization in Sanandaj. Descriptive Research Method-Analyzed and purposefully considered as applied research. The data collection method was documentary-library and field (observation). Quantitative methods including SPATIAL analysis, SPATIAL statistics and SPATIAL zoning using Arc GIS 10. 3 software were used to analyze the collected data. To identify the SPATIAL distribution pattern of high school education centers, we used Moorechr('39')s methods, standard deviation ellipse, central mean and kernel density function, and AHP-Fuzzy methods in the form of 19 indices to measure SPATIAL adaptation and SPATIAL zoning. The results of the global Moran autocorrelation coefficient of 0. 223 showed that the SPATIAL distribution of high schools in the city of Sanandaj follows a relatively centralized pattern and the standard deviation ellipsoid has a north-south orientation that is westward. The higher concentration of training units has been in the central and north-western areas of the city such as District Three and One. The results of the adaptation map showed that about 48% of Sanandaj high schools (equivalent to 16 cases) are in optimum range and 6 high schools equivalent to 18% of high schools in poor and inappropriate conditions. Also, the SPATIAL map of the city showed that about 33% of the educational centers studied in the desirable and relatively desirable SPATIAL areas and 10 cases (equivalent to about 30%) of the educational centers in the SPATIAL medium and 12 secondary schools. The case study (36% of the total) was located in an undesirable and relatively undesirable SPATIAL area. The results show that more favorable conditions for distribution of high school educational centers can be considered in planning and more suitable zones for their location and redistribution.

Considering to the compatibility of the urban land uses is one of the important issues in optimization of their SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT. The most common way of mitigating the negative effects of conflicting land uses on each other is to maintain a certain distance between them. Due to the need to investigate a high amount of information for optimization of the different land uses ARRANGEMENT and limitations of the precise methods، researchers have focused on the meta-heuristic methods (e. g. genetic algorithm) to solve such problems. Furthermore، because of the need to notice multiple objectives and criteria، multi-objective optimization methods have been considered. To ensure adequate separation distances between incompatible land uses، they can be entered as constraints to these types of optimization methods. In this research، a hybrid method is proposed to meet distance constraints in an optimization problem for locating multiple land uses. For this purpose، a multi-objective genetic algorithm was used to maximize the location suitability and compatibility of the land uses. Simulated Annealing (SA) method was applied to repair infeasible individuals and meet distance constraints in related solutions. SA is a probabilistic technique for approximating the global optimum of a given function. Simulated annealing starts with an initial solution. A neighboring solution is then selected. If the neighbor solution is better than the current solution، is considered as the current solution. Otherwise، the candidate solution، is accepted as the current solution based on the acceptance probability to escape local optima. In this study، the solutions are generated by the genetic algorithm. Each gene of the chromosome represents the location of a candidate site. After generating the population، the distance constraints are checked and infeasible solutions are determined. A solution to which all the distance constraints are met is the feasible solution، otherwise the solution is infeasible. Repairing the infeasible chromosomes were done as follows: • Identify the gene (s) which makes the chromosome infeasible • Identify the neighbors of that gene (s) according to the distances between genes • Create new solutions using neighbors • Calculate the rate violations of new solution • If all new solutions are infeasible، the solution will be replaced by the solution by minimum violation. • If only one feasible solution is generated، the initial solution will be replaced by it. • If more than one feasible solutions are generated، the values of the objective functions are calculated for feasible solutions. Non-dominated solutions are identified. Among them، the solution which has lesser difference with the initial solution، is selected. The results of the research show that the proposed method can be effective in repairing infeasible individuals and converting them to feasible ones، with regard to distance constraints. In this method، for each infeasible individual، several alternatives are generated، from which the closest feasible solution to the original solution، with the better objective function values، can be selected. Increasing the number of neighbors for each site in SA will make it easier to get feasible solutions. By the way، by entering the farther neighbors، there may be more distance between the initial solution and the new solution that replaces it.