Fertilization of plants in greenhouse SOILLESS cultivation is used in a closed system with recirculating nutrient solution or in an open system where the excess of nutrient solution is discharged into the soil or sewage. In Poland, most of basic greenhouse vegetables are grown in the open SOILLESS system. The excess of highly concentrated nutrient solution leaking from growing slabs causes contamination of soil and shallow groundwater. The aim of the study was to monitor component changes in nutrient solution and nitrate nitrogen in the plant root zone, drainage water, as well as in shallow groundwater present in arable lands in the immediate vicinity of the SOILLESS tomato CULTURE. The study was conducted in 2013- 2015 and compared tomato cultivated in Rockwool versus biodegradable organic substrate. Changes of nutrient content including N-NO3 in the root zone and drainage water depended on the type of the substrate in which tomato plant was cultivated as well as on the plant growth stage. Higher content of nitrate nitrogen in the root zone and drainage water was found in tomatoes grown in Rockwool compared to the organic substrate. The peak content of N-NO3 (117 mg dm-3) was detected in the groundwater present directly under the SOILLESS tomato CULTURE and it decreased proportionally to the distance from the greenhouse.

This study was performed in order to determine a suitable alternative substrate for peat in SOILLESS CULTURE in 2007. Different plant wastes including carbonized rice hull, saw dust and dry pine leaves (Pinus eldarica) were examined. Treatments were 100% peat as control, peat plus dry pine leaves (1:1 v/v), peat plus carbonized rice hull (1:1 v/v) and peat plus saw dust (1:1 v/v). The study was conducted in the pot and tube CULTURE system in the research Greenhouse of the College OF AgriCULTURE, Guilan University. The results showed that the peat plus carbonized rice hull was the best one as FOLLOWS: the average total yield of Was 8.7 kg m-2; the marketable yield was 7.3 kg m-2; AND the most fruit set WAS 6.1 per plant and 70.6 of fruit per m-2. The highest total soluble solids (TSS) content WAS 4.2o Brix; also, Potassium content 400, Phosphorous 21.6, Calcium 13.3 and Magnesium 16.6 mg kg-1 were obtained from this substrate. Fruits and THE NUMBER OF LEAVES and magnesium content were higher at 1% and the other differences were obtained at 5%. Peat with the average of 38.6 cm had the most distance of the first inflorescence from substrate surface level, which was significantly higher than peat plus saw dust at level of 5%. There was no significant difference among the other characteristics. According to these results, mixed carbonized rice hull and peat (1:1 v/v) can be used as peat substitution in SOILLESS CULTURE substrates for tomato production.

The hydroponics experiment was conducted to evaluate response of selected crops to Fe-deficiency stress in relation with some qualitative and quantitative growth attributes. A completely randomized block design in triplicates was conducted at Isfahan University of Technology (IUT) research greenhouse in fall 2007. Sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. Saccharata), dent corn (Zea mays L. cv S.C704), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L cvs. Arak 2811 and Koose), two bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. Backcross Roshan and Qods), and triticale (X.triticosecale cv. elinor) were grown in a nutrient solution at two Fe levels (5 and 50 mM FeEDTA). The results indicated significant (P<0.01) variation among studied crops in Fe-efficiency. Safflower genotypes were more sensitive to Fe deficiency in comparison with other studied crops and the greatest reduction was observed in their shoot dry matter at 0.5 mM FeEDTA treatment.In contrast, the lowest decrease in root and shoot dry matter weight under Fe-deficient condition was found for bread wheat genotypes Qods and Backcross Roshan. The relative sensitivity of the studied crops to Fe deficiency was wheat<triticale<safflower<corn Iron-efficiency evaluation based on different growth indices showed that Fe content in the shoot and root had significant and positive correlation with crop tolerance to Fe deficiency.

To determine the effect of pot level and nutrient leaching on albinism disorder in strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch cv 'Camaroso') cultivated in perlite substrate an experiment was conducted in 2006. Yield was determined three times (January-February, March-April and May- June). The results indicated that plants located in an upper position showed more albinism (40.42%) which could be related to nitrogen and potassium leaching as well as a decrease in light intensity. Albinism fruits had higher nitrogen (1.4 mg/g) and potassium (2.14 mg/g) and lower calcium (0.13%) contents, the ratio of N/Ca and K/Ca being higher as compared with those in the normal fruits. Former plants fruit were smaller resulting in lower yield. Early fruits (January-February) showed the most albinism and the highest nitrogen (1.29 mg/g) as well as potassium (2.05 mg/g) contents. Albinism was decreased (19.55%) in the storage organs at the end of harvesting season because of decrease in nitrogen and potassium. The interaction effect between harvesting time and pot level was to be not significant.

Introduction: Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis thaliana) is the most important model plant in plant nutrition studies, genetics, and plant biotechnology. Arabidopsis cultivation is mainly done in either soil or SOILLESS systems. Soil cultivation of Arabidopsis in compared to SOILLESS CULTURE does not have precise control on the concentration and ratio of mineral elements in the substrate, salinity, and pH, which results in negative effects on plant growth, biochemical reactions, etc. However, SOILLESS or hydroponic systems due to the exact control of plant nutritional needs and the substrate are more compatible for high accuracy experiments such as plant nutrition, especially for primary seedling growth. Accordingly, this experiment was conducted to provide an optimized Arabidopsis germination system for production of healthy seedlings for SOILLESS systems based on the agar-nutrient media. Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted based on the importance of the development of Arabidopsis in SOILLESS systems in order to provide accurate nutritional and physiological trials and the importance of effective germination and the production of healthy seedlings in an agar-nutrient media. Therefore, two milliliters microtubes were cut into 10 mm in length, and connected upsidedown to the table with adhesive tape then were filled with agar (0. 55%) and mineral elements (Hoagland formulation) medium. (1: 1 V/V). Sterilized and stratified Arabidopsis seeds were sown on filled microtubes and then transferred to the growth chamber with controlled environmental conditions. Germination percentage and growth and development parameters of seedlings were measured for three weeks. Results and discussion: Results showed the effectiveness of the optimized germination system and also the agar-nutrient medium for Arabidopsis. Accordingly, seed germination percentage was more than 97. 5%. Also, production of healthy seedlings with optimum growth (85%) especially the production of intact roots for various biological root and nutritional studies was another advantage of this experiment. Based on the results three weeks old plants were ready for transplanting to the main cultivation system. Conclusion: The results of the present study led to the conclusion that optimized system and medium due to high efficiency, simple and possible design, precise control of the substrate and root medium, could be recommended for Arabidopsis germination experiments and also arabidopsis cultivation for nutritional purposes.

The polite listener In England stares at the speaker attentively and blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as "mm - hmm”. And in some parts of  Far East, it is impolite to look at the other person at all during conversation.It is often argued that, in teaching foreign languages, CULTURE and language are interwoven in a way that it is not possible to present language without its CULTURE. However, until a new method of teaching language, called communicative approach, which is sociolinguistically oriented, had not come into existence, this belief was not used to be observed in textbooks and language classes. This method intends to create situations in the classroom in which foreign language can be used as naturally and authentically as the native speakers of target language use it for communicative purposes.The problem of teaching CULTURE, nevertheless, does not end here. Nowadays, foreign languages are taught with different and varied objectives. Is it necessary for all foreign language learners to get familiar with the CULTURE of foreign language they are supposed to learn? As Schumann (1984) claims, is it true that second language learning is impossible, unless one gives up his/her own native CULTURE and adopts the CULTURE of foreign language community? What are some relevant issues regarding teaching English in Iran? These are actually some basic questions raised in this article. Whereas definite answers are not necessarily provided in this paper, some areas of research related to CULTURE, and teaching foreign language are put forward.

The effect of different nutritional solutions on growth and flowering of potted anthurium (Anthurium andreanum cv. LentiniRed) was comparised in SOILLESS CULTURE in a completely randomized design with four nutrient solutions (treatments) and four replications (each replication five pots), in a research green house in University of Guilan from November '2014 to July '2015. The first (nitrate/total nitrogen, 3. 5/3. 5) and second (nitrate/total nitrogen, 3/3) nutritional solutions were without ammunium and the third (nitrate/total nitrogen, 4/4. 5 and ammonium/total nitrogen, 0. 5/4. 5) and forth (nitrate/total nitrogen, 3. 5/4 and ammonium/total nitrogen, 0. 5/4) ones included it. The first and third nutritional solutions included 2. 9 and the second and forth ones included 2. 4 meqK/l solution. The results showed significant differences among different treatments regarding the number of leaf, flower, flowering time, and the amount of spathʾ s anthocyanins, leaf chlorophylls a, b and carotenoids, the concentrations of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, calcium and iron in leaf. There were no significant difference for plant height, length and width of spath, length, width and area of the leaves and leaf phosphorus concentration. The most number of the leaves and flowers was found in the third nutrient solution. Flowering in third and forth treatments were faster than others. The most concentration of spathʾ s anthocyanin was seen in plants related to the second treatment and the most chlorophyll a and carotenoid concentrations were observed in the first and third treatments. Ammonium as a nitrogen source led to a significant decrease in the cationsʼ s concentration and an increase in iron concentration in leaf.

Almost all districts of the country are experiencing quantitative and qualitative decline of agricultural water resources. Considering the extensive expansion of greenhouse cultivation and importance of tomato production, and in order to evaluate the combined effect of salinity and drought stress on growth and yield of tomato plant (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill. Cv. Oriental), four levels of irrigation (125% ETc, 100% ETc, 75% ETc and 50% ETc) and six levels of salinity (0.1, 1.3, 3, 5, 7 and 9 dS/m) were factorially combined in a completely randomized design with 3 replication in a greenhouse SOILLESS CULTURE. Yield and its indexes were measured during the crop growing season. As expected, results indicated that salinity of the nutrient solution and drought stress had significant negative effects on yield and growth indexes of plant. Yield data were fitted on different production functions (simple linear, logarithmic linear, quadratic, and transcendental). The results indicated that the simple linear form was the optimum form. The S1W4 treatment (EC=0.1 dS/m, and 50% ETc) with 34.6 kg/m3 and S5W1 treatment (EC=7 dS/m, and 125% ETc) with 6.4 kg/m3 had the highest and lowest water use efficiency, respectively. The iso-yield curves showed that by increasing irrigation water amounts, water with higher salinity can be applied without changing the yield.