PARTICIPATION is considered as foundation of civil society and never loses its importance in a society aiming to progress. This study is an attempt to investigate youth SOCIAL PARTICIPATION rate and its relationship with identity and SOCIAL capital. 598 young people of 20-29 years of age in Shiraz, which are selected using multistage cluster sampling, answered the research questionnaire. The respondents were asked about 18 activities as the base for measuring the rate of their PARTICIPATION. The results indicate low level of SOCIAL PARTICIPATION (4.8 activities in average out of 18 activities). Among demographic variables, only education had significant relationship with PARTICIPATION. Those enjoying more intimate communications, more supportive network (consulting and informative support) and believing more in reciprocity norms have more SOCIAL PARTICIPATION. Besides, the youth with strong religious and national identity and modern gender identity participate more. According to the results from the research, when mentality is concerned, the youth are eager to participate, however, low rate of new SOCIAL capital in SOCIAL network that is supposed to act as empowering resource of performance, does not let them participate in practice.

By SOCIAL PARTICIPATION we mean women's entering into an activity well beyond the common household duties and responsibilities, and their doing things which can't be achieved individually.The evolution of women's SOCIAL duties and rights in history has been too slow and combined with sensitivities. Islam came and forbid any sort of irrational and prejudiced treatment of women, and instead it promoted protective rights in favor of women and their responsibilities. Low SOCIAL PARTICIPATION of women in post-Islamic centuries gave rise to a wave of egalitarian and feminist movements sometimes leading to extremist stances and shaking the foundations of family life, especially in western countries. This faulty trend brought once again the Quranic viewpoint about the role of women in society back into focus for both Muslim societies and the whole mankind. In this article there is a reference to the Quran and the Prophet's traditions to shed light on rules of conduct pertaining to women's SOCIAL presence in the light of the practical experience achieved by the model presented by the Islamic Republic of Iran.

SOCIAL development undoubtedly requires people PARTICIPATION in different domains. It seems without PARTICIPATION, we cannot achieve a people-centered, inclusive and sustainable SOCIAL development. In the SOCIAL development process, all citizens with various ethnic and religious interests are able to affect on all the SOCIAL phenomena and variables, based on their competencies and mental capacities. It is indicated that community members should be permanently involved in all steps of developmental projects including planning, financing, implementation and evaluation. They could create such designs with their behaviors and decisions and understand its achievements as products of their behaviors and attitudes. In SOCIAL development, community PARTICIPATION is more emphasized than individual PARTICIPATION. So, grassroots organizations and public institutions are main participants in the developed process. On the other hand, SOCIAL development requires PARTICIPATION of different ethnic groups based upon acceptance of their cultures. In other words, attention to recognize ethnic groups, respecting their cultures, and strengthening their PARTICIPATION would be necessary in SOCIAL development process. One of the people participatory forms of people in SOCIAL development process is membership in Informal Institutions. This approach should provide conditions to facilitate the ethnic groups’ PARTICIPATION in these institutions and various types of local civil society. Achieving SOCIAL development goals, we should consider a human-oriented approach to development, away from any kind of discrimination.

Objective: Nowadays SOCIAL PARTICIPATION is the most controversial and challenging subject in underdeveloped countries and the Third World, and the internal conditions in such communities plus international requirements make its fulfillment and institutionalization a double priority. According to during development planning is not a subject that must be treated merely from physical and economical development viewpoint but is a change in the political power development of technology and rationalization of lifestyle. The experience of Islamic Revolution in 1979 from on side and the diversity of tribes in Iran and widespread immigration to cities from towns and particularly to Tehran and the juvenile nature of the country's population and expansion of science and education on the other side renders SOCIAL PARTICIPATION a pressing necessity There are two types of SOCIAL. PARTICIPATION: psychological PARTICIPATION and sociological. In this article we are examining the theory of Rogers, a famous psychological theoretician, and are trying to experiment his thesis from the point of view of realities prevailing in Iranian community in the past several decades (from geographical, historical, SOCIAL, philosophical, cultural and psychological aspects), and want to see whether that theory reflects the realities in the process of SOCIAL PARTICIPATION in Iran or not. Method: Our method of study is a combination of library and field studies. In our field survey our statistical community is composed of the citizens of Tehran at the age of 15years old and above. Findings: our studies have, to some extent, revealed a meaningful relationship between the individual personality features (rural subcultures) and SOCIAL PARTICIPATION. As statistics have shown there is a meaningful relationship between rural subcultures and the mental desire for SOCIAL PARTICIPATION whereas the relationship direction is negative. In other words the more the people are impressed by rural sub-culture, the more they are willing to participate in the society, whereas in its outward aspect there is no meaningful relationship between rural-subcultures and SOCIAL PARTICIPATION, and this lack of relationship emanates from several factors including lack of confidence against higher institutions and lack of necessary conditions for SOCIAL PARTICIPATION.      

A form of rational thinking has led to the growth of PARTICIPATION whose aim is making people involved in building their future. The formation and continuation of this process require many conditions. Along these lines, this article tries to study the extent of SOCIAL-political PARTICIPATION and its determining factors in Khodabandeh, from a sociological point of view. The statistical population of this research consists of individuals in an age group between 30 and 60 years old inhabiting in this city. The size of sample is 400 persons. Data gathering has been conducted by interview based on questionnaire. The results show medium to low SOCIAL - political PARTICIPATION in Khodabandeh. Also, there is a significant correlation, with the reliability of 99%, between independent variables (age, gender, SOCIAL class, place of residence, universalism, futurism, SOCIAL-political alienation, trust, family structure, education, mass media, fatalism and the dependent variable, SOCIAL-political PARTICIPATION). R2  is equivalent to 0/30.

Institutionalized PARTICIPATION, on the one hand, leads to the development of democracy and legitimation of the states, on the other hand increases the level of nation security. Moreover people’s confidence in the state increases it’s stability, and enhances development and national security. From the Islamic point of view, the role of people is not limited only to legitimizing the sate, but they have a basic role in raising their efficiency. The present research was conducted to achive the following objectives: 1) Measuring the level of political, SOCIAL alienation and political, SOCIAL PARTICIPATION.2) Finding correlations among the variables of political, SOCIAL alienation and PARTICIPATION.3) Studying the relationship of variables such as age, gender, religion, race, marriage, education and income with the level of political, SOCIAL PARTICIPATION and alienation.The result of the research shows that socio, political PARTICIPATION is highly effective in increasing or decreasing national security coefficiency; and in the case of nonPARTICIPATION, political and SOCIAL alienation seriously threatens national security.

The problematic of this research is to examine the factors affecting SOCIAL PARTICIPATION. After reviewing the theoretical issues of this field and relying on the sociological theories of action, four variables of SOCIAL capital, economic capital, feeling of powerlessness and cultural capital as the most important factors influencing SOCIAL PARTICIPATION in the conceptual framework of the research were accepted. The research method is survey; by stratified sampling in Tehran University students. Based on the results of the research, the variables of the research were able to explain 20% of the variance of SOCIAL PARTICIPATION (R2 = 20%). According to the results of the research, the PARTICIPATION rate of students is generally low, but there is no significant difference between the level of PARTICIPATION of women and men. The barriers to PARTICIPATION in the subjective aspect are the weakness of the concepts, meanings, and norms of PARTICIPATION and in objective level, the lack or weakness of participatory institutions. Barriers to PARTICIPATION in women are more objective. Strengthening SOCIAL capital, removing the effect of capital investment on participatory attitudes in the mental aspect, and establishing and consolidating participatory institutions in academic relationships in an objective way are ways to increase student PARTICIPATION

Even though women’s PARTICIPATION is a needed factor of development, Share of Iranian women in economic activities and political decision making is significantly low. The important question in this regard is what are the factors and barriers in both micro and macro levels which have caused the permanent gender inequality in Iran? Based on SOCIAL development theory by Chalaby and available official statistical data, in micro level, gender SOCIALization, gender spaces, type of female SOCIAL network, difficulties in women mobility (physical, occupational, accommodational), restriction of SOCIAL opportunities (opportunities in education, occupation, associational relationships), and lack of strategic consensus of elites are barriers of development and progress of women’s character advancement. In macro level disorders in normative and symbolic dimensions of SOCIAL structure do not provide the context for women’s PARTICIPATION in development process.

SOCIAL PARTICIPATION has a critical effect on quality of life in any society. In this paper, we try to evaluate eventual relationships between the structure of power in family and quality and quantity of SOCIAL PARTICIPATION. The main objective is to measure the correlation between the type of SOCIALization in the family of orientation (origin), and the type of SOCIAL PARTICIPATION and its scope. The principal approach is to take into consideration the genesis of PARTICIPATION in the process of decision making at home, and its continuation in the society as a whole. According to this approach, configuration of SOCIAL PARTICIPATION and strengthening of civil society is influenced by developmental grounds of individuals; civil society is constructed by persons who are forming their civic identities. Methodology used is inferential statistics and survey. The study is carried out in Tehran in 2004 and 391 adults living in Tehran is included in this study. The research illustrates clearly the effect of structure of power in family on SOCIAL PARTICIPATION among the adults. For Those adult whose family is democratic and egalitarian, the scope of SOCIAL PARTICIPATION was considerable. People from these families will participate, in adulthood, in the destiny of society as a whole (unions, parties, political organizations…); they are true citizen of their society.