This research was carried to Normalize and determine the validity and reliability of Cell-phone Over-use Scale (COS) in students. The sampling group consists of 782 students in Islamic Azad universities were chosen via stratified sampling method and Cell-phone Over-use Scale (Jenaro et al, 2007) was administrated to them. Cranach’s alpha coefficient for Cell-phone Over-use scale was 0.903. Test retest Reliability coefficient was significant r=0.71 sig=0.001 .also there is no significant difference between 2 halves (split- half validity). In addition, findings indicated that COS is a valid and reliable scale in survey studies.

In the wind energy storage procedures, fluctuating nature of wind is problematic for stand-alone operation. Different efforts have been done to stabilize the wind source; boost converter with controller, bidirectional converter with controller, and energy storage devices need to be used for stabilizing the wind source. During the boost operation, the voltage parameter is boosted only in the output while power is constant, therefore, maintaining the constant power is required. One of the important aspects for maintaining the constant power is considering the speed of wind. This concept is applicable for both boost DC-DC Converter and Bidirectional DC-DC Converter (BDC). Estimation of battery State of Charge (SOC) is an important task for maintaining the effective operation as well as protecting the battery from deteriorating. Charging and discharging the battery is a cyclic process; which requires to be effective. Several methods have been used for estimating SOC of the battery; the coulomb counting method is an effective method for the battery charging and discharging operations. This paper proposes consideration of battery SOC and wind speed for an effective wind harnessing operation. The proposed system is designed in MATLAB/Simulink, and validates the system in hardware prototype model in order to SOC balancing control.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between sense of coherence (SOC) and self-esteem with job performance. It also aims at predicting job performance regarding SOC and self-esteem. This research is a descriptive correlational study and The statistical population of thisresearch is the staff of Khorasan Mehrkam Pars Co (N=192). A sample of 123 individuals was selected randomly. Flensburg’s revised scale of SOC, Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale and Paterson’s job performance scale were used as data collection instruments and The collected data was analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions by SPSS software. Findings show a significant positive relationship between SOC and job performance (p<0.005); selfesteem and job performance (p<0.005). The direction of correlations indicates that increasing SOC and self-esteem asSOCiates with better job performance among the staff. SOC and self-esteem are also predictor variables for job performance. The contribution of SOC in predicting job performance is more than self-esteem.

SOC-based control unit for B4 inverters in a cheap grid-connected Photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed in this paper. Because the inverter is the main element of Photovoltaic module, we utilized the B4 one here for decrement of entire expenditure of Photovoltaic system. This paper also coupled the Photovoltaic system to the main grid via IGBT switches for removing the bulky transformers. Besides, in order to inject the real energy to the main grid, this kind of inverter is able to compensate the real power and mitigate the harmonics related to the non-linear loads. Instead of the conventional PV systems on which a DSP processor is used to control the B4 inverter, we applied a zynq-7020 SOC-base control unit to effective control of the B4 inverter. Several characteristics of such control units such as dedicated low power and fast 32bit×32bit multipliers, with modified algorithm, enable the application of the required control methods. The operation of the proposed control unit in a PV system is implemented on zynq-7020. Implementation of the control unit in the SOC zync-7020 is the main contribution of this paper. Comparison with the conventional DSP-based control systems, TMS320F28335 DSP processor, demonstrated the high efficiency of the proposed SOC-based control unit for B4 inverters.

An important part of carbon cycling is carried out in the soil making land use changes, including changes in forestlands, affect SOC storage and consequently CO2 flux into the atmosphere.The aims followed in this investigation were to study the impacts of conversion of deciduous forests to coniferous ones and deforested land to rangelands, on some of the soil physicochemical properties, organic carbon (OC) storage, and soil respiration in two sites 1 and 2 (two different sets of properties), in south of Kelardasht area. Soil pH and EC are not substantially affected by land use change, but bulk densities have been on the increase through deforestation and have decreased at reforestation. By reforestation, SOC storage increased about 17.6 and 49.5 % (P<0.05) in sites 1 and 2. However, deforestation has caused SOC storage to diminish about 14.5 (P<0.05) and 4.7% (P>0.05). CO2 emission indicated significant and positive correlation with the mean air temperature in all sources of land use. In General, the coniferous forests proved to be more efficient in organic carbon storage, and therefore could be benefited from in the reduction of soil CO2 emission.

Introduction: Sense of coherence (SOC) is an effective factor in health-related behaviors. Mothers' SOC can influence health and consequently the orodental health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in their children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mother's SOC and OHRQoL in 3 to 5-year-old children in Sari, Iran. Materials and methods: A total of 190 children, along with their mothers, were selected out of those referring to the Touba Clinic in Sari. The SOC of mothers was assessed by Antonovsky's SOC-13 questionnaire, and the OHRQoL was evaluated using the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). The dmft index was also used to determine the status of dental caries in children. A p-value of <0. 05 was considered significant. Results: In this study, the mean scores of SOC, ECOHIS, and dmft index were 57. 13± 4. 9, 13. 8± 0. 4, and 7. 4± 1. 33, respectively. The dmft index correlated negatively with SOC (r=-0. 453, P≤ 0. 001) and positively with ECOHIS (r=0. 535, P≤ 0. 001). In this regard, with increasing the mean dmft in children, ECOHIS scores also increased, but SOC scores in mothers decreased. The ECOHIS also had a negative correlation with SOC (r=-0. 347, P≤ 0. 001); in other words, with increasing mothers' SOC scores, the scores of quality of life also decreased. Conclusion: Mothers' SOC significantly affected dental caries and quality of life in their children. Therefore, with the increase in maternal SOC, OHRQoL can be improved.

Rangeland cover approximately 85% of Kenya’ s land mass and is a major resource for livestock farming with a considerable potential to mitigate climate change, yet these lands are stressed differently by various management. Our study aimed at predicting the long-term changes in Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) in grazing lands of Kenya under different grazing management systems (rotational, continuous and ungrazed), for a 50-year period using RothC 26. 3. This research was conducted on a commercial grazing ranch which practices the two grazing management systems. Soil samples were collected at the depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm for the determination of soil organic carbon concentrations and bulk densities, results were later used for running the RothC model. The predicted results showed that the rate of SOC stock [t/ha] was higher under rotational grazing system in comparison to ungrazed and continual grazing system for the modelling period of 2015-2064. In the absence of grazing, the system was predicted to accumulate 19. 22 Mg C ha-1 of SOC at the rate of 0. 369 Mg C ha-1yr-1, whereas rotational grazing system was predicted to accumulate 30. 46 Mg C ha-1 at the rate of 0. 61 Mg C ha-1yr-1. The continual grazing management system resulted in the accrual of 18. 49 Mg C ha-1 at the rate of 0. 37 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 over 50 years. Thus, rotationally grazing management system have the potential of accumulating soil organic carbon in semi-arid grasslands.

Background and Objectives Soils are the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems, which account for the greatest amount of the global total terrestrial carbon stocks. Accurate mapping of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) spatial distribution is a key assumption for soil resource management and environmental protection. The rapid development of remote sensing and application of satellite images provide an excellent opportunity to monitor large-scale SOC storage. Estimating SOC is one of the research topics that artificial neural networks are applied for this purpose in some studies, although parameter optimization is difficult. In previous studies, genetic algorithms have been used to optimize the artificial neural network initial weights and improve the prediction of the output variables. However, the effectiveness of this method in estimating the SOC by remote sensing has been less studied. In this study, the effect of genetic algorithm on artificial neural network training to predict SOC on Sentinel-2 satellite images in Arasbaran vegetation zone was investigated. Materials and methods For this purpose, soil sampling was performed using stratified sampling method at 46 points at a depth of 0 to 15 cm. SOC was measured by Walky-Black titration method. In order to fit the model between the measured organic carbon in the laboratory, 9 spectral indices and three bands of satellite image, and two methods were used namely, artificial neural network and artificial neural network optimized by genetic algorithm. Cross validation was used to evaluate the models efficiently. Finally, the precision of the obtained models was evaluated with statistical indices of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Ratio of Performance to Deviation (RPD), Spearman's correlation coefficient (r), coefficient of determination (R2), and paired sample t-test. Results The results showed that the precision of SOC estimated by artificial neural network optimized by genetic algorithm (RMSE = 1. 07%, RPD = 1. 89%, R2 = 0. 76) was higher than artificial neural network results (RMSE =1. 51%, RPD = 1. 34%, R2 = 0. 58). Also Spearman correlation coefficient for SOC estimated with optimized artificial neural network (r = 0. 87) was higher compared to estimated SOC with artificial neural network (r = 0. 76). Observed SOC was not significantly different from SOC estimated by optimized artificial neural network (p-value=0. 21) while it was different from estimated SOC by artificial neural network (p-value=0. 02). In addition, the results showed that TSAVI index had the highest Spearman correlation coefficient (0. 565), and BI2 index had the lowest Spearman correlation coefficient (0. 196) with soil organic carbon. Conclusion Generally, it was concluded that the use of genetic algorithm in the selection of artificial neural network parameters improved the performance of this modeling method in estimating soil organic carbon on Sentinel-2 satellite images in the study area. Also the performance of Sentinel-2 satellite images in estimating soil organic carbon in the study area was validated.

Estimating the status of battery charge (SOC) in lithium-ion batteries is important not only for optimum energy management but also for ensuring safe operation and preventing charge and discharge and thus reducing battery life. However, this parameter cannot be directly measured from the battery terminals. Therefore, SOC needs to be estimated. In this paper, the recursive least squares method (RLS) is used to estimate the battery parameters and the modified particle filter is used to estimate the SOC of lithium-ion batteries. The standard particle filter has the problem of particle degeneracy phenomenon, which reduces estimation accuracy. Therefore, in modified particle filter, the difference evolutionary algorithm and the Markov chain Monte Carlo) MCMC (method are applied to the standard PF, that makes the estimation of SOC more accurate and consistent. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, this method is compared with the classical methods. The results show the effective performance of the proposed method compared to other methods.