Backgrounds and Objectives: There is a considerable notice in the use of noise barriers in recent years. Noise barriers as a control noise solution can increase the insertion loss to protect receivers. This paper presents the results of an investigation about the acoustic efficiency of primitive root sequence diffuser (PRD) on environmental single T-SHAPE barrier.Materials and Methods: A 2D boundary element method (BEM) is used to predict the insertion loss of the tested barriers. The results of rigid and with quadratic residue diffuser (QRD) coverage are also predicted for comparison.Results: It is found that decreasing the design frequency of PRD shifts the frequency effects towards lower frequencies, and therefore the overall A-weighted insertion loss is improved. It is also found that using wire mesh with reasonably efficient resistivity on the top surface of PRD improves the efficiency of the reactive barriers; however utilizing wire meshes with flow resistivity higher than specific acoustic impedance of air on the PRD top of a diffuser barrier significantly reduces the performance of the barrier within the frequency bandwidth of the diffuser. The performance of PRD covered T-SHAPE barrier at 200 Hz was found to be higher than that of its equivalent QRD barriers in both the far field and areas close to the ground. The amount of improvement compared made by PRD barrier compared with its equivalent rigid barrier at far field is about 2 to 3 dB, while this improvement relative to barrier model .QR4. can reach up to 4- 6 dB.Conclusion: Employing PRD on the top surface of T-SHAPE barrier is found to improve the performance of barriers compared with using rigid and QRD coverage at the examined receiver locations.

We investigate the deposition temperature, pH and deposition time that govern evolution of the nanoparticle SHAPE, size and density of ZnSe nanoparticle arrays. The nanoparticle arrays were grown on glass substrate using a facile chemical bath deposition method. The samples were also characterized by absorbance spectra for energy band gap determination and scanning electron microscopy. In comparison to other similar works, our method is simple, low cost and can be easily controlled. We find that temperature helps to tailoring the nanoparticle SHAPE and has a critical role in comparison with other parameters such as pH and deposition time.

In this research work a SHAPE from shading (SFS) technique which incorporates a Lambertian model is implemented for the automatic generation of a digital terrain model (DTM) using a single view aerial image. The developed algorithm is tested on both simulated and real data. The estimated accuracy of the generated DTM from the simulated data, which has a bilinear surface, is about ±3 cm. The real data is a scanned aerial photograph taken over a low texture hilly terrain. The generated DTM by the SFS technique is compared with a DTM acquired by the manual measurement of the stereo image of the same area using a photogram metric plotter. The estimated rimes of the discrepancies between the grid nodes of the measured and the automatically generated DTM is about ±4 meters. The unsuccessful reconstruction of the terrain surface for the real data is due to the fact that a simple Lambertian model does not take into account, in a perfect way, different nondeterministic influential factors such as the terrain alb Edo variations and the random noise. The influence of the latter case was reduced by a low pass filter applied as a preprocessing stage.

Background & Aim: Extrusion of debris from apex is one of the main factors of flare up (inflammation, pain or combination of both). Various studies have been conducted toward the amount of debris extrusion but no one compared this drawback on one – SHAPE and xp-SHAPEr system in curved root canals. So, this study aimed to determine the amount of apical debris extrusion following preparation of canal by one-SHAPE or xp-SHAPEr in curved canals of mesiobuccal root in mandibular first molars.Material & Method: This experimental study was done on 34 mandibular first molars with 30 to 40 degree curved mesiobuccal root canal. The samples were randomly divided in two groups. First group had one –SHAPE for root canal preparation while the other had xp-SHAPEr. Roots of the teeth were fixed in pre weighted fluxes till cervical area so that all apical debris were collected in vials. After desiccation process, the vials were weighted again. The difference between original and secondary weight of vials containing debris is considered as weight of debris extrusion. Data were analyzed using T-test.Results: Amount of debris extrusion in one– SHAPE group was 0.018±0.014 and in xp-SHAPEr group was 0.01±0.007 and the difference was statistically significant (0.01).Conclusion: Considering the situation and limitation of this in vitro study, xp-SHAPEr rotary system was associated with less debris extrusion compared to one – SHAPE systems.

The tissues in the human body comprise complex assemblages of several different types of cells that are dispersed on an extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition to biochemical and chemophysical factors, dynamic changes in the mechanical-structural properties of ECM lead to changes in cell behavior such as proliferation, differentiation, and its nature. Since any activity of the cells takes place on a dynamic substrate in the body, it is necessary to provide conditions in which the dynamic environment inside the body can be simulated. Therefore, researchers need intelligent biomaterials that can act as a powerful substrate to design smart cell culture platforms and tissue engineering scaffolds, as well as to simulate this complex environment. SHAPE memory polymers (SMPs) and SHAPE-changing polymers (SCPs) are the new generations of intelligent materials that can be converted from SHAPE A to SHAPE B in a response to a stimulus, creating new mechanical and structural properties. Although tissue engineering studies on static substrates have been performed so far, it is now clear that the fate of cells in proliferation and differentiation is influenced by the dynamic conditions of the environment. However, recent studies have been focused on designing new substrates to mimic the dynamic microenvironment. In this review article, a brief definition of cell mechanobiology is introduced and then the recent advances in the design of SMPs and SCPs used in fundamental cell mechanobiology studies were highlighted. A survey of the current review can create a more innovative perspective for researchers in this field.

Most of ordinary bridge decks are made of reinforced concrete and often deteriorate at a rapid rate in rough operational environments. The rapid deterioration of the deck often impacts other critical components of the bridge. Another disadvantage of the concrete deck is its increased weight in long-span bridges. Therefore, it is essential to examine new materials and innovative designs using hybrid system consisting conventional materials such as concrete and steel with FRP plates which is also known as composite deck. Since these decks are relatively new so it would be useful to evaluate their performances in more details. The present study is dedicated to Hat-SHAPE composite beam with concrete slab. The structural performance of deck was evaluated by nonlinear finite element method and numerical results have been compared with published experimental results where possible. After ensuring the validity of numerical modeling of composite deck, parametric studies has been done; such as using steel rebar in concrete slab, changing the angle of webs of Hat-SHAPE Section, modeling RC sections to match strength and stiffness of Hat-SHAPE composite beam and altering the GFRP Material into steel and aluminum. It was found that the behavior of this type of composite beams can be considered with numerical methods without executing costly experiments. Using rebar in concrete slab can increase ultimate load capacity of composite beam by 45 %. Also strength-to- weight ratio of the beam increased by changing the GFRP Material to aluminum by 51%.

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A stenotic vessel can be opened using net-SHAPE tubes called “ stents” leading to the restoration of the bloodstream. Compared to the commonly used stainless steel stent, self-expandable stents have some advantages. They do not suffer from the risks of damage to the vascular tissue due to the balloon expansion. Moreover, overexpansion for compensating the elastic recoil is not needed, and there is no constant force applied on the artery until the occlusion of the device by the artery stops. However, the stent cannot restore the original dimensions of the vessel in the case of calcified plaques. Self-expandable stents can be utilized for the treatment of atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid, coronary, and peripheral arteries. SHAPE memory alloys (SMAs), mainly NiTi (nitinol), are employed for self-expandable vascular stent applications. Nitinol is widely applied for medical devices and implants due to its excellent fatigue performance, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility, which make this alloy suitable for long-term installations. Other materials used for self-expandable cardiovascular stents are SHAPE memory polymers (SMPs). SHAPE memory effect is triggered by the hydration of polymers or temperature change preventing the collapse of small blood vessels. This review has focused on the mechanisms and properties of SMAs and SMPs as promising materials for stent application.

This paper is a comparative study of words referring to the external appearance in English and Persian languages as representatives of occidental and oriental thinking. Three types of words are distinguished: (i) those referring to external appearance with no reference to meaning; (ii) those referring to an appearance containing meaning; and (iii) those that refer to meaning in addition to appearance. This study demonstrates that in both studied languages there is virtually no word, which refers exclusively to appearance. Another significant point is that in English, words denotative of a range of meanings are used solely in a single sense. While in Persian, a single word is used to simultaneously signify a range of meanings from material to extramundane. This could be attributed to the occidental preference for exactitude of speech versus the oriental predilection for multifaceted expression. Nevertheless, this difference between languages necessitates an inevitable obliteration of meaning in translation between oriental and occidental languages.