Background: Dermatophytes are a group of fungi that attack keratinous tissues of the skin, hair, and nail in humans and animals, and cause infections called dermatophytosis (tinea). Since identification of pathogenic fungi at the species level is essential for the detection of the source, control and prevention, and identifying epidemiology of infection, it is necessary to use specific and sensitive diagnostic methods to identify the causes of dermatophytosis. Methods: The clinical samples (skin, nail, and hair) of patients with dermatophytosis in Mashhad City, Iran, were cultured in Mycosyl Agar culture media, and the DNA of obtained dermatophyte colonies were extracted by specific kit. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene was amplified and sequenced by ITS1, ITS4 primers. Finally, the SEQUENCING results were analyzed using SeqMan software, and were compared with the data of the global genebank. Findings: In this study, 80 dermatophyte isolates were sequenced, which included 9 dermatophyte species as 23 (28. 8%) Trichophyton (T. ) interdigital, 18 (22. 5%) T. tunsorans, 10 (12. 5%) Epidermophyton fluccosum, 10 (12. 5%) of T. mentagrophytes, 8 (10%) Microsporum canis, 4 (5%) T. rubrum, 4 (5%) T. benhamiae, 2 (2. 5%) Nannizzia (N. ) fulvum, 1 (1. 2%) N. persicolor. Conclusion: According to report the rare species of dermatophytes in this study, the use of molecular methods such as SEQUENCING of the ITS gene can determine the diversity of dermatophytes in a region more precisely than morphological methods.

Background: Malaria is endemic in southeastern Iran including Jiroft district and in favorite epidemiological condition could threaten the people health. Anopheles fluviatilis complex is a malaria vector in Iran and consists of three species of S, T, and U and 7 genotypes of S, U, T1, T2, Y, X and V which are different in vectorial capacity. The aim of this study was to identify species composition of An.fluviatilis complex using D3 and ITS2 sequences in Jiroft district.Materials and Method: Mosquitoes of An. fluviatilis have been captured using total catch, pit shelter, and human/animal night baits. PCR amplification was done against the 28S D3 and ITS2-rDNA and the products were sequenced. The specimens were identified to species and genotype level using phylogenetic trees and comparison of sequences with entries available in GenBank.Results: Both ITS2 and D3 loci were successfully amplified and produced 514 bp and 376 bp bands respectively.Sequence analysis of ITS2 and D3 regions revealed that the specimens of Jiroft district were matching to the Y and T2 haplotypes of species T of the complex.Conclusion: Anopheles fluviatilis T is the only species in the region and based on the previous studies can be incriminated as the main malaria vector in the region.

DNA SEQUENCING is one of the most important techniques in biology which determine precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. Old methods such as Sanger DNA SEQUENCING, are time laboring and expensive methods. Therefore, researchers developed next generation SEQUENCING (NGS) which are more economical and high-throughput methods comparing with old methods. NGS methods classified into three main generations. These methods are able to fast SEQUENCING of long fragments of DNA. By means of NGS, whole genome SEQUENCING, target specific SEQUENCING, de-novo SEQUENCING and assembly, RNA SEQUENCING and investigation of genetically changes are possible. it's so important to consider befits and defects of each method, and choosing a suitable NGS method due to properties of research program.