Introduction: Infertility is one of the most important problems for every family. The aim of this study is to test the prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis in infertile men (with abnormal SEMEN). The patients that arrive to infertility clinic (Royan Institute in Tehran) with the SEMEN analysis and culture request are asked to fill in a questionnaire about infertility smear collection. Methods: In this case control study presence of Mycoplasma hominis were analysed in tested men. In this study we have compared 40 infertile males with unexplained infertility and 40 Normal men with Female factor as a control case group. The SEMEN samples were sent to microbiology laboratory. The information were analysed with S.P.S.S software by frequency, chi-square & T-test Methods. Results: The average age in patients and control groups were 31.97±5.54 and 31.9±5.9 the value of Mycoplasma hominis in infertile cases were 7(17.5%) and in Normal men were 2(5%) χ2=3.13 and P=0.077, then we have not found statistically significant deference's in the Mycoplasma hominis frequency of the patients. But we have found statistically significant relations between educational levels, the history of and infertility. Also we have not found statistically significant relations between history of libido, premature ejaculation, abdominal pain, testis pain, smoking and infertility. Discussion: We have show a significantly Mycoplasma hominis infections increase in the infertile men. The similarities between this study and the results obtained by others are limited and it may be due to different cultural and normal values in various societies. Though statistically non-significant due to limited number of subjects, however the difference observed in the prevalence infection between cases and controls indicates an association between Mycoplasma hominis infection and infertility. So, it is suggested to check up those patient with unexplained infertility for seminal micro-organisms infections, and if positive, to control the rate of infertility with a suitable and cost effective therapy.      

Background and Purpose: There is evidence in literature that IVI is the first line treatment and the most cost-effective procedure for mild to moderate male factor sub-fertility, however, the relative influence of various SEMEN characteristics with the likelihood of a successful outcome is controversial.This study is designed to show the correlation between SEMEN parameters and the pregnancy rate in patients, with mild to moderate male factor sub-fertility and whose wives were normal and underwent hyper-stimulation, including IUI.Materials and Methods: From January 2005 to January of 2006, 95 couples with male factor infertility underwent 140 IVI cycles with husbands washed SEMEN were included in this study .They were divided into two groups based on SEMEN parameters, mild and moderate. Post- wash sperm parameters, type of infertility (primary and secondary), male / female age and duration of infertility were evaluated and correlated with clinical pregnancy outcome.Results: The clinical pregnancy rate per cycle was 26 (18.5%); 15 (21.4%) in mild group, while 11 (15.7%) in moderate group. The clinical pregnancy rate per couple was 27.3%.There were significant correlation between female age, duration of infertility, sperm concentration and progressive motility, and clinical pregnancy.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that post- wash sperm concentration and progressive motility, female age and duration of infertility are the most important factors for prediction of successful pregnancy.

The relationship between lifestyle and SEMEN quality is of popular interest to patients and the general public. However, new findings are often accepted uncritically without reference to the biological complexities of the male reproductive system. Many factors influence SEMEN quality, including: (i) the inherent sperm production capacity of the testicles; (ii) the period of time since the last ejaculation; (iii) general health; (iv) the duration and nature of pre-ejaculatory sexual stimulation; and (v) the structural and functional integrity of the male reproductive tract, ejaculatory ducts and accessory glands. Each of these factors will have its own bearing on ejaculate quality and any proposed lifestyle factors need to be interpreted with them in mind. This lecture will discuss two important checkpoints where lifestyle factors may have an important effect on adult SEMEN quality. First is the pre-natal exposure of the male foetus to risk during its time in utero through maternal behaviors such as diet, the use of cosmetics and smoking that may have a detrimental effect on testicular development that in turn impact on adult testicular function. Second is the exposure of adult men to factors that affect the function of the post-pubertal testicle and risks are thought to include the effect of temperature (e.g. hot baths, tight underwear), poor diet and a number of chemical exposures either in the workplace or at home. Whilst lifestyle is an important risk factor in male infertility, its potential effects should be taken in context with other biological variables and known medical conditions.

This study aimed at determining the physico-morphological attributes, in vitro fertility and their interrelationships in SEMEN of Sahiwal bulls. SEMEN samples were collected weekly for 6 weeks from ten mature Sahiwal bulls divided randomly into 5 groups. The mean (±SEM) of ejaculate volume (mL), mass activity (score 0-5), progressive sperm motility (%), sperm concentration (106/mL), live sperm (%), abnormal sperm (%), intact acrosome (%), hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) positive sperm (%), sperm penetration distance (SPD, mm) were 4.28, 3.17, 76.73, 1185.53, 83.37, 9.97, 82.70, 79.00 and 56.85, respectively. The bulls varied significantly (P<0.05) in all their ejaculates characteristics Moreover, HOS positive sperm also had significant (P<0.01) positive correlation with mass activity (r=0.756), progressively motile sperm (r=0.374), live sperm (r=0.395) and SPD (r=0.681), and negative correlation with abnormal sperm (r=-0.463). Sperm penetration distance has significant (P<0.05) positive correlation with mass activity (r=0.776), progressively motile sperm (r=0.653), sperm concentration (r=0.365) and HOS positive sperm (r=0.681), and negative correlation with intact acrosome (r=-0.415). Overall SEMEN quality of Sahiwal bulls was found optimum for use in breeding programme.

The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of different concentrations of catalase in two extenders on motility, viability and lipid peroxidation bull spermatozoa during SEMEN freezing process. Thirty ejaculates collected from ten Holstein bulls were pooled and evaluated at 37oC. Pool ejaculated was split into two main experimental groups, 1 and 2. In experiment 1, specimen was diluted to a final concentration of 30×106 spermatozoa with citrate-egg yolk and in experiment 2; specimen was diluted with tris-egg yolk extender to the same concentration. In both experiments diluted SEMEN was divided into three aliquots, including a control and two test groups. Each aliquot was rediluted with an equal volume of extender either without (control) or with one of the antioxidants contained one of the following antioxidants: catalase (CAT; 100 IU mL-1) catalase (CAT; 200 IU mL-1) and control group. No significant differences were observed in sperm viability and motility following addition of catalase enzyme at concentration of 100 IU mL-1 and 200 IU mL-1 to citrate-egg yolk extender. But the highest sperm viability was achieved by addition of 100 IU mL-1 and 200 IU mL-1 catalase to tris-egg yolk SEMEN extender compared with the control group (P<0.05). Malondialdehyde levels did not change with addition of catalase in both extenders compared with the control group. The obtained results provide a new approach to the cryopreservation of bull SEMEN, and could positively contribute to intensive cattle production.

The current study aimed to optimize artificial insemination in aged broiler breeder hens in two experiments. In the first experiment, the effect of (two) different diluted SEMEN temperatures (5 and 25 °C) of Hubbard rooster (40 roosters, 58 weeks of age) on fertility, hatchability and sperm penetration (SP) rate in the perivitelline layer of Hubbard hen (180 hens) were investigated. In the second experiment, three (different) sperm concentrations (100 (C100), 200 (C200), and 400 (C400) million sperm in 0.25 mL per hen) of Hubbard roosters (40 roosters, 62 weeks of age) on fertility, hatchability and SP rate of Hubbard broiler breeder hens (270 hens) were explored. In the first experiment, the results showed that the temperature of 5 °C of diluted SEMEN compared to the 25 °C, increased percentage of hatchability of set eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, and SP and decreased early embryonic mortality. The results of the second experiment showed the highest percentage of fertility and SP rate were observed at treatment C400. Also, in this experiment that highest percentage of hatchability of set eggs and hatchability of fertile eggs and lowest early embryonic mortality were observed at treatment C400. Return on investment (ROI) of the treatments C200 and C400 was approximately 2.9 and 1.4, respectively. In overall, the results of this study showed that (in attention to ROI and hatchability) to optimize artificial insemination of aged broiler breeder hens we can use a sperm concentration of 200 to 400 million in 0.25 mL per hens at 5 °C.