Use of EIA has initiated from project-level. Inspit of advantages of EIA at the project level they are not able to analyze the integrated effects because environmental effects of humans activity often are cumulative induced and synergestic. In addition project-level EIA in design of project is not Proactive and it only examins designed project after they are approved and only has adjustive role. But environmental crisis illustrate that their solutions require strategic proactive approach and on time prediction at policy making planning and programming level and only in this level estimation of carrying capacity as most important sustainability indicator is feasible. Because carrying capacity is affected of all micro macro repeated and divers activites.So disadvantages of project-level EIA requires promotion of use of EIA at the different level of planning system including policy making planning and programming. In this way strategic environmental assessmen (SEA) could be asolution.

Background: Various assays have been used to identify of enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus and because of antigenic similarities among enterotoxins, serological assay may not always be practical. The aim of this study was to detect of S. aureus enterotoxins (SEA, SEC and SEQ) genes by multiplex PCR assay. Methods: Of 150 strains obtained from nasal carriers, 95 S. aureus were confirmed by biochemical test. Multiplex PCR assay for the detection of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins A, C and Q genes (SEA, c and q) S. aureus was used. The nuc gene, which encodes thermonuclease was used as a target DNA to identify S. aureus.Results: DNA amplification fragments for the staphylococcal nuclease gene (nuc) was 397 bp, 552 bp for staphylococcal enterotoxin A gene (SEA), 271 bp for staphylococcal enterotoxin C gene (sec) and 122 bp for staphylococcal enterotoxin Q gene (seq). S. epidermidis used as negative control and did not yield a PCR product. Among the 95 healthy human isolates from nasal carriage, forty one isolates (43/1%) were diagnosed as SEA, sec or seq-positive. Twenty four (25/3%) isolates were SEA gene, nine (9/5%) isolates were the sec gene and eight (8/4%) isolates were the seq gene and 54 (56/8%) of them were other se genes. Conclusion: Because Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in nasal healthy carrier, so the PCR assay could be useful in the routine direct detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A, C and Q genes.

UN peacekeeping forces (blue hats) have had about 75 operations in different areas since 1948 to restrict or prevent conflict, but it still has structural bugs to monitor and punish its offenders.; In the past two decades, shocking news of the sexual assault and rape of some of these forces has been reported in the countries of their mission-drought, war and diSEAse. Approximately 500 cases of sexual abuse against United Nations peacekeeping personnel have led to serious criticism and disproportionate criticism of the United Nations. Accordingly, the present paper criticizes the performance of this institution using library resources and descriptive-analytical methodology, and approaches Suggested. to reducing and eliminating these abuses-also by forces that are themselves the champions of peace and human rights.

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a new systematic procedure which considers distinguishes prediction and environmental impacts assessment at the highest levels of decision making and in strategic development of planning and programming process and policy seriously and efficiently.In various countries particularly in developed countries, there are clear examples of SEA laws and regulation.In fact the first regular document of SEA was prepared in the US in 1969, and afterwards other countries such as Canada, Hong Kong, Denmark published by laws and regulations as special requirements for scientific executive assessment.It is over a decade that the laws and regulations exist on EIA in Islamic Republic of Iran. They are implemented in recent years much more strongly but unfortunately despite of wide range of SEA scopes, any laws and regulations have not been ratified by the regular authorities up to now. Therefore, regarding conducted reSEArches in the pioneer countries, the SEA related obligation has been clarified at two levels. The first level is legislative and the second one is policy and decision- making. The policy making would not be effective without observation of SEA obligation and legislative consideration.Consequently, it is suggested that an integrated management system which is required for and perquisite effective implementation, to be created in Iran can be helpful in effectiveness of SEA in decision and policy making principals