Background: Iodization of SALTs consumed is the best iodination procedure in many countries of the world. Also, in addition to iodization of SALT, the purity and free from heavy metals to there is essential. The aim of this study is evaluation of consumption of refined iodized SALT, SEA SALT and rock SALT in urban households of Astara city.Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2014 year. For this work questionnaire consisted of 5 questions about type of SALT consumed for cooking and table was prepared and were randomly completed by 250 women referred urban health centers in Astara city, then the analysis was performed.Results: The results of this study showed that from 250 women referred to the health centers, 4 women (1.6%) were consumed SEA SALT for cooking and table, 6 women (2.4%) were consumed rock SALT for cooking and table and 240 women (96%) were consumed iodized refined SALT for cooking and table.Conclusion: The results of this study have been showed that the percentage of people uses SEA SALT and rock SALT for cooking and table. Unfortunately, some jobber have extensive publicity about the health benefits of this type of SALT (SEA SALTs and rock SALTs), that there are unreal and considered as serious threat for human health.Given that these SALTs are lack of iodine and also are unrefined, so with the increased use of these SALTs, goiter and other diSEAses caused by iodine deficiency affect the community. Thus, in order to increase the effectiveness of IDD programs, more education about the importance of consumption of iodized SALT specially refined iodized SALT in appropriate amount, proper procedure of storing and SALT consumption and proceeding in the proper production and distribution of SALTs is necessary.

Background & Purpose: SALT and pepper change is the retinal change that occurs in human retina and its cause is not entirely known. In the present study, the retina of patients infected with Giardia lamblia living in Tehran was examined for presence of "SALT and pepper" retinal change. Methods& Patients: 50 girdiasis patients were selected as study group and 50 healthy individuals as control group. The retina of two groups was tested by ophthalmologist. White blood cells and eosinophila percentage were counted in haematology lab. For measurements of IgA and IgG Levels, SRID technique, and for IgE level, ELISA technique was applied. Results & Conclusion: The results indicated, six patients of study group showed "SALT and pepper" retinal change in their eyes. When the patients treated with metronidazole, the ocular change disappeared in three of them. In addition, eosinophila percentage, IgA, IgE and IgG levels in the infected patients were found increased significantly in comparison with control group. Meanwhile, among patients with ocular change and without ocular change the differences of eosinophila percentage and IgE levels were found significant, According to IgA and IgG levels, no significant difference between two groups were observed.    

SEA fig (Carpobrotus chilensis) from Aizoaceae family form a dense carpet and make an effective ground cover and grows in sites directly exposed to SALT spray and storm waves. This plant with succulent leaves and large beauty purple flowers is used in maritime areas to prevent soil erosion in sandy and salinity soils. The purpose of this study was to assess morphological and physiological responses of Carpobrotus chilensis to water salinity. For first time in the world, we studied SALT tolerance and storage capacity of SEA fig (Carpobrotus chilensis) in liquid culture. In this reSEArch, shoots of SEA fig are cultured in basal MS medium accompanies 0-28 gram/liter SALT (NaCl). After 60 days, results of SALT effects were studied on morphology and biochemistry of SEA fig were included root formation, shoot growth, water content, dry weight, mineral and organic materials, sodium and chlorophyll content, and total protein. SALT tolerance, root formation and shoot growth of SEA fig have continued to 28 g/l of SALT.The SALT increasing was root formation stamilunce. SALT storage capacity was increasing with SALT creasing but it was balance with another minerals matter.All different materials content of SEA fig are changing with SALT changes but in higher SALT concentrations depended to SEA fig SALT tolerance mechanisms.

The impact of three levels of SEA SALT (0.0, 8.0, and 16.0 mS/cm2) on six varieties of soybean (Crawford, G21, G22, G35, G82, and G83) was studied. Growth criteria, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, soluble protein, free amino acids, free proline, and protein profile of soybean varieties were investigated under SEA SALT stress. Results of this study showed a considerable decrease in growth criteria (shoot height, root depth, and leaflet area), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b and carotenoids), soluble sugars, and soluble proteins with the increase in salinity level. The total free amino acids and free proline contents were increased with the increase in SEA SALT level. SDS-PAGE of the seedling proteins showed a significant variation in the protein profile of soybean and the variation is a function of varieties and SEA SALT level.

Plastic pollution has universally known accumulated in all environment compartments and accelerating threat to the sustainability of earth. Field survey to examine the occurrence of microplastics in ancient SEA water evaporation technology of ponds at Pallengu-Jeneponto, was conducted. From this SEA SALT producing ponds, samples of water, sediment and freshly harvested SALTs were collected. Sixteen samples each of water and sediments and 12 SALTs were collected. From 16 water and sediment samples there are 31 microplastics item discovered in 11 water samples (68. 75% of total contamination) and 41 microplastics item observed in 10 sediment samples (62. 5% total contamination), respectively. Interestingly, sampling points at sedimentation/ heating pools were found to be the locations with highest occurrence of microplastics in both water and sediment. There are 7 SALT samples positively contaminated with 29 microplastics or 58. 3% of total contamination, which predominated by line and fragment forms. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy analysis has revealed polymers of polyvinyl acetate (41. 7%), polyethylene (33. 3%) and polystyrene (25%). There was no significant difference found on microplasticss occurrence from 3 kinds of samples collected, although there was a decreasing trend of total microplastics found from water, sediment and SALT. Microplasticss abundance were ranged 7-55 items/L water, 14. 6-50 items/kg sediments and 6. 7-53. 3 items/kg SALT. With microplastics abundance reached over 53 microplastics items/kg SALT, it is believed that continuous consumption by people will end up with possible accumulation of potentially absorbed of various toxic chemical pollutants which present in SEA water as SALT raw materials. The need for robust and practical strategy in water quality management for reduction of microplasticss contamination in consumed SALTs is a must.

Use of EIA has initiated from project-level. Inspit of advantages of EIA at the project level they are not able to analyze the integrated effects because environmental effects of humans activity often are cumulative induced and synergestic. In addition project-level EIA in design of project is not Proactive and it only examins designed project after they are approved and only has adjustive role. But environmental crisis illustrate that their solutions require strategic proactive approach and on time prediction at policy making planning and programming level and only in this level estimation of carrying capacity as most important sustainability indicator is feasible. Because carrying capacity is affected of all micro macro repeated and divers activites.So disadvantages of project-level EIA requires promotion of use of EIA at the different level of planning system including policy making planning and programming. In this way strategic environmental assessmen (SEA) could be asolution.

Background: Various assays have been used to identify of enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus and because of antigenic similarities among enterotoxins, serological assay may not always be practical. The aim of this study was to detect of S. aureus enterotoxins (SEA, SEC and SEQ) genes by multiplex PCR assay. Methods: Of 150 strains obtained from nasal carriers, 95 S. aureus were confirmed by biochemical test. Multiplex PCR assay for the detection of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins A, C and Q genes (SEA, c and q) S. aureus was used. The nuc gene, which encodes thermonuclease was used as a target DNA to identify S. aureus.Results: DNA amplification fragments for the staphylococcal nuclease gene (nuc) was 397 bp, 552 bp for staphylococcal enterotoxin A gene (SEA), 271 bp for staphylococcal enterotoxin C gene (sec) and 122 bp for staphylococcal enterotoxin Q gene (seq). S. epidermidis used as negative control and did not yield a PCR product. Among the 95 healthy human isolates from nasal carriage, forty one isolates (43/1%) were diagnosed as SEA, sec or seq-positive. Twenty four (25/3%) isolates were SEA gene, nine (9/5%) isolates were the sec gene and eight (8/4%) isolates were the seq gene and 54 (56/8%) of them were other se genes. Conclusion: Because Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in nasal healthy carrier, so the PCR assay could be useful in the routine direct detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A, C and Q genes.