Introduction: Measurement of child anxiety during dental treatment is a challenge during the procedure. Several questionnaires have been developed to assess child anxiety, some of which are pictorial to facilitate their application in children. The aim of the current study was to evaluate validity of new RMS pictorial questionnaire and to compare it with previous SCALEs, including Venham Picture Test (VPT) and Facial Image SCALE (FIS), to assess child dental anxiety during their first visit in a dental office.Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 10 children in Shiraz in 2016, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The children's anxiety was evaluated by RMS-PS, VPT and FIS questionnaires. To assess reliability, questionnaires were given to the children at a two-week interval. Data were analyzed with t-test and regression correlation test (a=0.05).Results: Age and gender had no effect on children's anxiety, but in the presence of preoperative pain, anxiety was significantly higher. RMS had a moderate (r=0.622) and significant (p value<0.001) correlation with VPT questionnaire and a good (r= 0.700) and significant (p value<0.001) correlation with the FIS questionnaire. In addition, the relationship between FIS and VPT questionnaires was moderate (r= 0.623) and significant (p value<0.001).Conclusion: The results showed that RMS questionnaire is not reliable. However, it was valid compared to FIS and VPT questionnaires. Therefore, RMS can be used to indicate child dental anxiety as a proper tool.

The linkage between sustainable agriculture, poverty and agricultural extension efforts and their impacts on rural centers in Behbahan Shahrestan has been discussed in this paper. Data were collected from 200 farmers in 40 villages of this Shahrestan. A multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was used for selecting villages and farmers. The findings of path ANALYSIS in three different causal models provide the complexity of relationships between variables and environmental degradation so that there is a causal relationship between poverty and unsustainability. Lack of direct causal effect of use of technology and extension efforts on sustainability in three models indicated the structural and institutional limitations of extension in diffusion of appropriate technologies. Finally, recommendations regarding regional planning with respect to socio-economic characteristics and changing from TOT approach to other alternatives and revising the education programs of extension agents are provided.

This paper presents harmonic ANALYSIS of power quality disturbances in SCALE-frequency domain. A suitable scheme has been proposed for power signal ANALYSIS using orthonormal harmonic basis functions with compact support. These basis functions are band-pass in nature. One can choose filter center frequencies easily. It has been shown that the respective band-pass filter outputs are associated with harmonics of the distorted power signal under consideration.Hence, the present scheme may be useful for harmonic ANALYSIS of power quality disturbances. Moreover, this technique provides a precise SCALE-frequency ANALYSIS.

Objective(s): To evaluate the direct and indirect effects of different factors on fertility using the path ANALYSIS.Methods: Data were obtained from the research project ''Evaluating the effective elements on the tempo and quantum of fertility in Mazandaran Province in year 2000'', and by a questionnaire containing three sections (demographics, fertility data and family planning). This was a descriptive-analytic study and sampling was performed by a two-stage random procedure. A total of 1343 families were initially included in the study. The research targeted married women aged 10-54 years. We used path ANALYSIS to calculate the effect size and 95% confidence intervals for the following set of factors: mothers' age, mothers' education, duration of marriage, age at marriage, and mothers' age at her first pregnancy.Results: In total 1137 women participated in the study. The duration of marriage showed the strongest positive direct effect on fertility (r=0.428); the second strongest positive effect belonged to mothers' age (r=0.203). Mothers' education had the most powerful negative direct effect (r=-0.182). Mothers' age also had the strongest indirect effect (r=0.437), while mothers' education showed the greatest negative indirect effect (r=-0.153). All of the calculated effects were statistically significant (P-Value <0.001).Conclusion: This research illustrated the powerful effect of mothers' education on fertility. There is a potential for effective birth control through modification of factors that have a strong influence on fertility. It is difficult to change all of the factors at once, thus as a first step it might be better to concentrate on duration of marriage and mothers' education.

The Italian edition of the Templer’s Death Anxiety SCALE (DAS, 1970), was administrated on 138 under-graduate students of Chamran University. The aim of this administration, was the factor analyis of the questionnaire. The results obtained from Principal Components ANALYSIS method (PC) extracted five factors, among that, the greatest proportion of variance accounted to the first factor. In addition, the split half reliability coefficient was 0.62 for DAS, and Cronbach’s Alfa coefficient was 0.73; the correlation coefficient between DAS and the Death Concern SCALE was 0.40 and between DAS and Manifest Anxiety SCALE was 0.43.

Aim and Background: The main purpose of this study was to review the effectiveness of applied behavioral ANALYSIS (ABA) approach on symptoms of autistic children during a five-year period.Methods and Materials: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 autistic children (3-7 years of age) were intervened by ABA approach at Isfahan Center of Autism for a period of five years (2007-12). Gilliam Autism Rating SCALE (GARS) was filled out at baseline and at the end of the five-year period. Besides, the subjects were assessed by a checklist including cognitive comprehension, mathematical and verbal skills, and self-help at the beginning of the study and at the end of each year. After five years, all collected data was analyzed with SPSS19.Findings: Pretest and the posttest values of stereotypic behaviors, communication problems, social interactions, and GARS total scores were significantly different (P<0.001). Furthermore, significant improvements in cognitive comprehension, mathematical and verbal skills, and self-help were observed after each year and at the end of the five-year period (P<0.001).Conclusions: On the whole, it can be concluded that ABA-based interventions can effectively reduce symptoms of autism and increase skills.

The purpose of this study, identifying internal and external situation ANALYSIS sport in the province of hamedan by the year 1388. In this study, research methods used are both quantitative methods and qualitative methods of interviews and meetings focused on FOG: (Focus Discussion Group). Total Statistical population including 67 Person that were due to the limited as they were intended. The questionnaire is a consisting of two instrument, The Delphi method was designed and set up a formal credit was approved by experts in physical education Its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha (82/.r =) was calculated and determined, which was distributed in two stages. In addition to descriptive statistics to analyze data from the SWOT ANALYSIS method was used. The findings showed; sport of the hamedan province in internal and external factors, have more strengths and opportunities. That can help in situations with strategies intended to exploit weaknesses opportunities and threats in order to reduce pay. Recommended sport of the hamedan province in good capacity in the province, with its special geographical position, trying to attract foreign investment and private sector to compensate for deficiencies in sports and physical education should go forward.

Background and Aim: Measuring the outcome of chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis is an important factor in assessment of disease impact on different dimensions of quality of life and in evaluation of therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study was to perform the cross-cultural adaptation of the MSIS-29 which is a MS-specific outcome measure for Iranian patients.Materials and Methods: The Iranian adaptation process of the MSIS-29 included 5 steps. To evaluate psychometric properties of the translated version, the questionnaire was administered to a consecutive sample of 96 patients with clinically definite MS referred to our out-patient clinic. Test-retest reliability was assessed in a sub-sample consisted of 30 patients. These patients completed the questionnaire on two occasions separated by a 7-day interval. The Iranian version of the SF-36 was also administered to this sub-sample in order to evaluate the validity of translated MSIS-29.Results: Statistical ANALYSIS indicated that the Persian version of the MSIS-29 had high internal consistency (cronbach's alpha coefficients> 0.70) and test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficients >0.70) and a good validity.Conclusion: The Persian version of the MSIS-29 is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring MS outcome in Iranian patients. It can be used in clinical trials and cross-sectional studies.

Most speech enhancement algorithms focus on obtaining an estimator relying on stochastic models. In this paper, a minimum mean-square error (MMSE) estimator under a stochastic– deterministic model is proposed where a heavy-tail distribution called t-Location-SCALE (tls) is used for modeling Discrete Fourier Transform coefficients of clean speech signals and exponential and sinusoidal models are employed as deterministic models. In the exponential model, the frequency and damping coefficient are estimated by using the Matrix Pencil method. Also, in previous studies, the number of exponential components in the deterministic model for stochastic-deterministic speech enhancement algorithm has been considered to be one. In this paper, the corresponding exponential model is developed to have an arbitrary number of exponential components. The speech enhancement experiments are performed in three modes, exponential-Gaussian (the first proposed method), exponential-tls (the second proposed method), and sinusoidal-Gaussian. Comparisons are made with the exponential-Gaussian method (with only one exponential component), as well as with the Weiner and tls stochastic estimators. The implementation results in the presence of six noise types from Noisex-92 dataset show that the two proposed methods improve the segSNR values and have quite similar PESQ values comparing with the stochastic based speech enhancement methods.