The EVs battery has the ability to enhance the balance between the load demand and power generation units. The EV aggregators to manage the random behaviour of EV owners and increasing EVs participation in the ancillary services market are employed. The presence of aggregators could lead to time-varying delay in load frequency control (LFC) schemes. The effects of these delays must be considered in the LFC controller design. Due to the dependency of controller effectiveness on its parameters, these parameters should be designed in such a way that the LFC system has desired performance in the presence of time-varying delay. Therefore, a Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) is utilized to adjust the fractional-order PID (FOPID) controller coefficients. Also, some evaluations are performed about the proposed LFC performance by integral absolute error (IAE) indicator. Simulations are carried out in both single and two area LFC system containing EV aggregators with time-varying delay. According to results, the proposed controller has fewer frequency variations in contrast to other controllers presented in the case studies. The obtained output could be considered as a solution to evaluate the proposed controller performance for damping the frequency oscillations in the delayed LFC system.

Objective: Cardiovascular diseases hold the highest mortality rate among other illnesses which reveals the significance of current limitations in common therapies. So recently, the role of three-dimensional (3D) SCAffolds has been highlighted for heart failure post-myocardial infarction treatment. Natural-based SCAffolds which resemble more to the damaged tissue of interest seem to be more suitable for necrotic cardiomyocytes replacement and restoring the damaged extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we have evaluated the properties and potentials of a novel pericardium- derived SCAffold for replacing the myocardium ECM.Materials and Methods: Following the decellularization of human pericardium membrane (PM), a 3D sponge pericardium SCAffold (PS) was processed with well-defined architecture and interconnected pores. After physico-chemical and mechanical characterizations; MTS assay, histological and migration assessments and Real time PCR were performedin vitro with human SCA- 1+cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). Thereafter, in vivo assessments of SCAffolds were conducted.Results: In comparison with decellularized pericardium membrane (DPM) and collagen sponge (COL), the migration, survival, proliferation and differentiation of CPCs were enhanced on PS. Histological examination of subcutaneous transplanted SCAffolds after one month revealed intensive angiogenesis, neovascularization and cardiomyocyte differentiation in PS.Conclusion: Taken together, three-dimensional pericardium sponge may be considered as a good candidate for myocardial tissue engineering applications.

The temporal and spatial inventory of snow cover area and snow equivalent is one of the important challenges in watershed management. The present research was carried out for comparison of snow cover area in NOAA satellite and MODIS images in the watershed area of Taleghan. For this reason, 14 NOAA satellite and MODIS contemporary images have obtained from Iranian space agency for 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 years. Snow cover area (SCA) was extracted from all images. Also, the NOAA and MODIS images were comprised together. The comparison of NOAA and MODIS images revealed that the accuracy average of SCA estimation error was 57.97 percent ranging from 3.87% to 267.42%. Overlap of two images is good regarding to SCA, so that can be acknowledged that the overlap of two images is 100%.

To achieve favorable outcomes in breeding programs, selection of parents based on General Combining Ability (GCA) and Specific Combining Ability (SCA) is so important. In order to study the genetic parameters, general and specific combining abilities and the type of disease resistance genes action against take-all disease in bread wheat, 6 wheat genotypes (729, 1622, 2109, 1528, 1546 and 1526) were crossed in one-way diallel cross. Seeds of F1 generations (F1s) and parents were planted in the research greenhouse of Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran and take-all disease tolerance, stem and root dry weights, tiller number and elements such as manganese (Mn), zink (Zn), potassium (K) and iron (Fe) concentrations in plant tissue were measured. The results of Griffing analysis showed that general and specific combining abilities were significant for all traits except tiller number and K element. In terms of Take-all disease resistance, the best general combiners were 1622 and 729 genotypes, respectively. The best resistant hybrids were 2109×1546, 546×1528 and 1622×1526 that had the highest specific combining ability. Evaluation of genetic parameters by Hayman method for disease index and disease score confirmed the results of Griffing analysis and showed that the dominance and over dominance of gene actions had the greatest importance in genetic control of the resistance to take-all disease (T-41 isolation). Finally, due to low narrow sense heritability and low genetic ratio in resistance to take-all disease, it can be concluded that selection for resistance to take-all disease does not respond well in early generations, so selection after purity, that done by bulk, single-seed descent and double haploid methods can be effective in wheat breeding.

Six Iranian rice cultivars (Binam, Domsiyah, Shahpasand, Sepidrud, Khazar and Valed 46) were crossed in 1989 in the Iranian Rice Research Institute in Rasht, Iran in a full-diallel design. The F1 progenies together with parents were transplanted in a CRBD in the 5 x 0.75 m plots at plant density of 25 x 25 cm (60 plantlets per plot) in 3 replications. Part of this research was published in 1994 as a half-diallel design and the data of full-diallel, using Griffing approach, is subject of this paper. The analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes. The mean of six parents, 15 crosses and 15 reciprocal crosses were analyzed using the four diallel crossing systems of the Griffing approach. The SS of genotypes were separated into GCA for each parent and SCA for each cross using corresponding formula. The additive variance (VA) and dominance variance (VD) values were estimated using the table of variance analysis. The heritability (h2ns) was also estimated from VA and VD variances. The simple variance analysis of “grain yield per plant” and other agronomic traits using each of the 4 diallel crossing methods of Griffing showed significant differences (P < 1%) among genotypes, indicating a sufficient genetic potential of the investigated genotypes. The GCA variance analysis of the lines was significant for all the characteristics, indicating the importance of additive variance (VA) by inheritance of these traits. Using Griffing’s diallel methods 1 and 3, SCA variances for all investigated traits showed significance, whereas in the methods 2 and 4, traits “1000 grain weight” and “tiller per plant” were not significant according to SCA. This also indicates the importance of dominant variance (VD) in most of the traits, except for “1000 grain weight” and “tiller per plant”. The differences among the reciprocal crosses in diallel methods 1 and 3 were also examined; where for all the characteristics (except for “deaf grains per panicle” and “length to breadth ratio of brown rice grain”) significant differences were observed, suggesting the possibility of cytoplasmic effect of mother line on the reciprocal crosses. The heritability (h2ns), which indicates the ratio of additive variance (VA) to phenotypic variance (VP), was estimated to be equal to zero due to the absence of additive variance for grain per panicle and the number of days from transplanting to full maturity of grain. The heritability for other characteristics was estimated high or low according to additive variance. For example in all 4 diallel methods the heritability estimation for length to breadth ratio of brown rice grain was relatively high (65 – 71%) whereas for “panicle length” and “grain yield per plant” was relatively low (13 – 48%). The correlation among genetic parameters (VA, VD, D, h2ns) were generally high and significant.

In 1999 and 2000, 10 varieties and lines of bread wheat of different degrees of resistance and susceptibility to cold, were crossed in a half - diallele scheme. The plant materials were cultivars Boulani, Sabalan, Khalij, Bezostaya and lines 591, 592, 273, 746, 581 and 583. The 10 parents and their 45 F1 hybrids were planted in greenhouse as well as field, at the College of Agriculture University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. The traits of days to flowering LT50, survival at - 8°C, -12°C, -16°C, membrane stability (electrolyte leakage) were assessed. Membrane stability (electrolyte leakage) of the plants was found at -12°C. Results of ANOVA showed significant differences between genotypes in 1% and 5% levels of probability. Analysis of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) through Griffing method indicated significant differences between genotypes. It was found that genes with additive as well as non - additive effects control these traits. Graphic interpretations of the results of diallele cross, by using Hayman's method revealed that dominant genes with additive effects control cold resistance. It was found that resistant cultivars Bezostaya and Sabalan bear a large number of Dominant genes, whereas other cultivars Bolani, Khalij as well as lines 746 and 518 carry mostly recessive genes.

Twenty one F2 progenies derived from a 7×7 diallel crosses along with parents were evaluated for grain yield, flowering and maturity time. Due to significant genotypic effects for all traits, genetic analyses were performed on F2  progenies including analyses of combining ability and genetic components. The Analysis of variance revealed that both additive and non-additive genetic effects were involved in controlling these traits. GCA/SCA ratios were 0.91 for days to flowering, 0.95 for days to maturity and 0.83 for grain yield which indicated that the additive gene effects were more important than non-additive gene effects for all these traits. Narrow-sense heritability was high for days to flowering (73.12%) and days to maturity (81.99%) and low for grain yield (30.15%). Heterosis in hybrids seemed to be largely determined by complementary epistasis as well as genetic distance between the parents. The spring-type varieties Tower and Regent appeared as the best parents for earliness whereas winter-type varieties D.R. and Ceres were best parents for high grain yield. It could be concluded from the study that S1 recurrent selection would be effective to improve the performance of these genotypes for grain yield, flowering and maturity time. The selected S1 lines from each cycle can be used in a pedigree-breeding program to identify superior genotypes.

Six male sterile with four male fertile sorghum, Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench, lines were crossed in a factorial mating design in 1998. Twenty four F1 hybrids and ten parental lines were planted in a randomized complete block design in three replications, at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran in 1999. Two cuttings forage were harvested from all genotypes (F12 and parents). Four traits including plant height, tiller no., green yield and dry matter were measured. There were significant differences among genotypes, cuttings and genotype X cutting interaction for all traits at 1% level of probability. Analysis of variance showed that, there are significant effects of genotypes, parent, parent vs. crosses (except for tiller no. at average of cuttings), lines (for plant height in 2nd cut and mean), testers and line tester interaction. There were differnces among lines and testers GCA which shows the importance of additive effects of genes for this traits, therefore, the selection methods can be used for breeding programmes. Heretiability of some traits were different in first, second and average of cuttings. Therefore, in each cutting, the heretiability should be considered in multi cutting sorghum lines. Significant differences were observed among SCA of some parents which shows the importance of dominance effects of genes for majority of traits in hybrids. Hence the hybridization method can be used for breeding programmes. The highest positive SVA was obtained for green fodder from crossing of A__ICS 84 × R__2 , A__ICS88005× R__1, A__ICS31×R__28 & A__1×R__112, and for dry matter from crossing of A__ICS88005×R__1, A__ICS__31×R__28, A__2×R__112, A__ISC84×R__112& A__ICS31× R__2 at average of two cutting. The highest yield of two cuttings was obtained for green fodder from crossing of A__ICS84×R__2 and for dry matter from crossing of A__ICS31×R__2 with 144.8 and 34.5 tha^-1 , respecticely.

The diallel cross design is frequently utilized to obtain information on genetic effects, estimates of General and Specific Combining Ability (GCA and SCA) and to identify promising heterotic combinations as well as heterotic patterns. In the present study, heterotic crosses were identified for specific alkaloids in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) following Yan’s GGE Biplot model by use of 5×5 full diallel data. The results obtained through biplot analysis were compared with those obtained through Griffing’s to check and confirm the accuracy of Yan’s GGE biplot model. Parents A (papline), B (NB5KR40-7/2-3), and E (58/1) were identified as good general combiners. The crosses B×C, B×E and E×B for morphine, C×D and C×E for narcotine, and A×B, A×C and A×E were identified as heterotic combinations. None of the crosses were found heterotic for codeine and thebaine.

The most important purpose of alfalfa breeding programs is forage yield improvement. The objective of this study was to determine general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of alfalfa forage dry matter yield, plant height, number of stem, regrowth rate and leaf to stem ratio. A half diallel crosses (9×9) was performed by eight alfalfa ecotypes from different climatic regions of Iran and one cultivar from America. Experimental field was established in early autumn of 2013 which included 36 F1 hybrids with nine of their parents in a complete block design with three replications at Plant and Seed Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. The results of diallel analysis for two growth seasons (2014-2015) indicated high significant variation among crosses, GCA and SCA effects. Interactions of GCA and SCA with environment were significant for forage dry matter yield. The hybrids of Ghahavand × Nikshahri and Mohajeran × silvana indicated positive significant SCA for forage dry matter yield and regrowth, while, the hybrid of Kozare × Yazdi exhibited positive SCA for forage dry matter yield, plant height, re-growth rate and also leaf to stem ratio. This study indicated that the possibility of improvement forage yield and other agronomic traits through crosses among alfalfa ecotypes.