Introduction: Infection by M. tuberculosis can be demonstrated by tuberculin testing. On sequential PPD some person show a marked increase in the size of their skin reactions which may not be due to recent or past tuberculous infection. This PHENOMENON (booster effect) can occur as soon as a week after the initial test and persist for as long as a year.Methods and Materials: The purpose of this research is studying the size of induration following repeated PPD tests (booster effect) that studied in children who came to our clinic or imbedded in pediatric unit and the group of student in grades 4 and 5 at elementary school (totally 80 cases) for one year.Results: Increase of induration in 25% of all (20 cases) was 5 mm or more and in 75% of all (60 cases) was less than 5 mm and between these two groups, differences was meaning full (P<0.05). The increase of induration in 12.5% was 7 mm or more.Conclusion: Because there is not shown definite increase of induration (more than 5mm) on sequential PPD in children, we must to consider to new infection.

Today the world is experiencing an unprecedented flow of urban. population growth and urbanization is one of the factors influencing air temperature increase in urban areas, which causes the creation of heat island on these regions compared to the surroundings, and its effects can play a vital role in air quality and consequently public health. in this study, aster data are investigated in a case in shiraz, and the Kharazmic of 5 bands are used to retrieve earth surface temperature and determine the local effects of heat island. in addition, the correlation between surface temperature and vegetation index, construction, barren land and water difference were obtained to determine the effects of green, bare, blue and residential areas on the heat island. the results showed that the effect of urban heat island in shiraz is mainly located in the industrial and residential areas of the west and south east. also, the negative correlation between the temperature of the ground and vegetation index of normal difference showed that green earth and water-covered areas could have weakened the effect of heat island while positive correlation between ground surface temperature and the normalized difference difference can increase the effect of heat island effect in the study area. nowadays, the most important problem in urban areas is to increase the temperature of the earth surface due to the at the natural levels,

In this study, the dust situation in 6 synoptic stations of Kermanshah province was investigated in the period 1987-1992. To study this PHENOMENON, dust days were extracted in 2009 with code (06) from the current air index. Then data from different bar levels were taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Organization (NCEP / NCAR) database and maps were plotted in the Grads software. Finally, through the processing of MODIS SATELLITE imagery, with the application of the brightness temperature index, round detection and the dust was made and its territory expanded. The results of the study showed that at low ground level, when the European high-pressure system retreated to the north and west, Sudan's low pressure existed in the eastern Mediterranean, and the system moved southwest to the northeast, and when they entered, the disturbance zone is caused due to the lack of moisture in the dust, the main sources of dust in the province of Kermanshah include the deserts of northern Arabia, southern Iraq, and somewhat north of the sub-Saharan Africa.

No reflow is a PHENOMENON in which myocardial ischemia and reduced antegrade flow occur despite the absence of proximal stenosis, spasm, dissection, or embolic cut off of major distal branches. In another word no reflow PHENOMENON means failure of restoration of myocardial flow despite removal of epicardial coronary obstruction.

Interdisciplinary as a new approach to the problems of science and knowledge, has a wide range, but there is no consensus on its epistemological range and ontological domain. Among the different and various problems, there is a general agreement on “City” as a field of study as an interdisciplinary PHENOMENON. At least, three important disciplines, geography, architecture and social sciences, have engaged in analyzing this PHENOMENON by using each other’s methods, indicators, and objects. The extensive scientific branches of city have attracted the attentions of phenomenologists, engineers, economists, politicians, researchers of cultural studies, environment, and media. In this paper, the interdisciplinary aspect of city is reviewed by focusing on its connection with space, media, politics, economic and culture.

In this article the effort has been taken to define conspiracy as an objective act, a hidden planning and a series of measurement undertaken in an illegal, amoral and usually violent way to achieve certain goals and purposes at the price of endangering others interests and rights, while conspiracy theory is defined as the elaborative and subjective method to analyze events which is formed in conspiracy - minded individuals mentality and usually based on a .speculation about conspirators role.Three major components of the conspiracy theory are the conspirator, conspiracy - minded individual, assumptions and techniques of analysis which are discussed.Conspiracy theory is neither culturally, nor geographically bound, rather it is a universal PHENOMENON which has been taken in different countries and cultures.I have tried to show the universality of conspiracy theory by collecting enough evidences from different countries. These evidences are quite prevalent in all countries, namely the assassination of JFK, extension of Aids virus, UFO, drugs distribution and the terrorist attack of September 11th in USA are events that are analyzed by some groups and individuals in America within the "analytical" framework. In England, death of George the first and Princess Diana in an automobile accident are the further examples of conspiracy theory which is discussed throughout the article. Some authorities in this field believe that the Middle East more than other countries is infected by the "analytical" framework. Finally the article conclude that conspiracy theory is a vast and universal PHENOMENON of varied shapes and types.

In this study, a HindIII SATELLITE DNA (168bp) was isolated from Russian sturgeon, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii and was used as a probe for fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with the chromosomes of Persian sturgeon and Russian sturgeon. After obtaining suitable chromosomal preparations from the fishes through leukocyte culture and labeling the probe with Spectrum orange (Orange-dUTP) through Nick translation method, the probe was hybridized with chromosomes of the fishes on the microscopic slide. In the studied chromosomal preparations, the hybridization colored signals were clearly visible. Counting the produced signals in twelve chromosomal preparations of three fishes from each species showed that the mean number of the signals in the chromosomal preparations of the Persian sturgeon and Russian sturgeon were 67± 3 and 68± 4 respectively. In this study, accurate kind determining of chromosomes and HindIII SatDNA site on the chromosomes were impossible due to the presence of microchromosomes and heterogeneity of shapes and sizes of colored signals.