The immigration as a problem for third countries world has been emerged within the recent century. What causes the immigration to be deemed as a problem is impossibility of attracting the immigrants by the cities, governments’ inability in providing facilities to the mass volume of immigrants to the cities and formation of informal settlement phenomenon. The main objective of this research is studying the quality of informal settlements formation in SANANDAJ and presenting strategy for their organization. The methodology of this research is applied and the data has been collected according to descriptive-survey style. The statistical society of present study is consisted of all family guardians in Abbasabad Quarter in SANANDAJ. The sampleincludes 400 family guardians residing in this quarter that have been selected by random sampling. The data has been collected by researcher-made questionnaire. The results of this study indicate that regional inequalities between city and village has affected the immigration of villagers to the studied quarter and ethnic, cultural and kinship associates and joint local origins have affected the population dispersal. In addition, the summary implies the residents’ low sense of belonging to their quarter and naturally their low collaboration rate in the affairs related to the quarter.

Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is still a second cause of maternal death in USA. Furthermore, it is one of the causes of maternal death in first trimester and it related to increased age, high gravidity, previous infertility, pelvic infection, liomyoma and previous ectopic pregnancy. This study was designed to investigate these criteria.Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, statistical population included all of pregnant women who were admitted from 1375 to 1380 in SANANDAJ Behsat Hospital. Case groups consisted of 111 ectopic pregnant women and controls were 223 randomly slected women. Data was collected from hospital file and X and OR was analyzed by SPSS Software.Results: The results of the study showed that the prevalence of ectopic pregnancy was 4.6 in thousand pregnancies. It was statistical relationship between EP and age, gravidity and infertility (p<0.05). Chance of infertility in case group relative to control group was or=12.29 (3.27- 54.42). Between previous abdominal surgery and EP, there was statistical relation (p<0.05) and OR=32.27 (13.35-83.12). Mean relation was between EP and method of contraception (p<0.05). Prevalence of liomyoma in EP was 2.7 percent and recurrence of EP was 4.5% and pelvic infection was 3.6%.Conclusion: According to results of this study, the prevalence of EP in SANANDAJ was lower than that of the other regions of the world. It is possible to lower prevalence of pelvic infection; sexually transmitted infection and insufficient diagnostic method.

INTRODUCTION: Human has been suffered from tuberculosis (TB) more than any other diseases. Prevalence of TB in Kurdistan province has not been determined yet. Estimation of TB prevalence is difficult and is usually approximated by using some global and local indices, which may be far from that virtually exist. This work was conducted to estimate TB prevalence in one of the SANANDAJ suburban regions, mainly to approach the difficulties of TB estimation in the field, in hope to facilitate further study in larger scales. MATERIAL& METHODS: In prevalence study using designed questionnaire, 1531 persons were screened based on demographic, general health condition, and clinical signs of tuberculosis. Persons with prominent signs of TB were evaluated clinically. Sputum of 24 persons suspected to TB was collected in three consecutive days and stained by Ziehl-Neelsen method and examined for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB). RESULTS: Analysis of data in relation to constitutional signs of TB showed that 38 persons (2.5%) had coughing for more than 3 weeks, 67 (4.4%) had night sweating, 66 (4.3%) had loss of appetite and weight, and 7 (0.5%) had a history of hoemoptysis. Of 24 sputum 15 specimens were mainly saliva and one specimen was positive for AFB in all three successive day specimens, which mean 65 per 100000 prevalence for smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in the region which has been studied. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that: 1- A combination of health staff, student and university workers can have good performance in field of research especially Health System Research (HSR). 2- People do not like to be known that have been affected. 3- The quality of sputum in most cases is not suitable. The estimated TB prevalence in the study region was much higher than the estimated of prevalence, for the country and which was done in the city of Bijar. The same study in a larger scale to obtain the prevalence of the disease is suggested.

INTRODUCTION: Infertility, which is a social and familial problem that involves 10-15 percent of couples, is inability to reproduce after one year intercourse without using any contraceptive devices.MATERIALS & METHODS: The population under study included 902 married women with the age of 15 to 49 in SANANDAJ in 2001 that were selected by cluster sampling and were interviewed in their house. The type of study was descriptive-analytic and collected data was analyzed by SPSS win software. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that 166 cases (18.4%) were infertile. Of infertiles, 130 cases (78.3%) had primary infertility and 36 cases (21.7%) had seoondry infertility. The prevalence of abortion in the population under study was 4.7% (42 cases). The prevalence of stillbirth was 1.6% (14 case). Of infertile cases only 51 cases (30.7%) referred to clinics for treatment and others didn`t do any thing for their problem.CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, prevalence of infertility in SANANDAJ is higher than many regions in the country. With respect to geoghraphical, socio-economical and special culture of the people and the importance of having a child, special attention must be paid to the subject of infertility and special plan for diagnosis and treatment must be implemented.

In spite of the archaeological surveys and excavations in Kurdistan region, this area remained less known compare to the northern and southern neighboring areas regard to the prehistoric period studies. One of these less known prehistoric periods is chalcolithic. Noted many archaeological sites belong to the chalcolithic period reported until now in different parts of Kurdistan region. One of the key chalcolithic sites of Kurdistan area is Tappeh Geryashan located in the vicinity of SANANDAJ city. Based on archaeological survey of the site it become clear that the site including the potteries of both middle and late chalcolithic period. Site locates near one of the permanent river of SANANDAJ called Qeshlagh. The research methodology of this paper is based on comparative studies. The main subject of the paper is about the chronology of Tappeh and its similarity with other contemporary sites in Zagros. It seems that there is some kind of interaction between these site and other sites located in vicinity area. What have been named as culture of painted buff pottery custom in chalcolithic period is also can be seen in SANANDAJ. The martial culture and distribution patterns of the sites in SANANDAJ are exactly the same with other regions of Zagros. These evident similarities are not sudden surely and are because of interaction of the sites during chalcolithic period in Zagros. It should be noted that determining the kind of this relation and interaction of the sites during this period on the basis of surface survey is impossible. In order to find that, there were some kind of relation and interaction between the sites, more archeological studies are needed. Archeological excavation and laboratory studies of findings may help to response to the proposed questions. Unfortunately, the site has damaged by human interference. It has been surrounded by modern construction and for the protection of the site for future studies its delimitation is required. Even the archaeological surveys and excavation in Kurdistan region, this area remains less known compare to the northern and southern neighbor areas regarding to the prehistoric period studies.

Purpose: Dimensions of social changes in the capital city of Kurdistan province of Iran is discussed during the 37 years of the reign of the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.Method/Research Design: Social changes in the city, in terms of changes in physical expansion and urban facilities (including education, health, financial institutions, and recreation) are studied. Data was collected from library materials and archival records.Findings: Access to modern education provided women an opportunity to take a more active role in the SANANDAJ. Availability of a range of public sector jobs enhanced urbanism too. Both developments were found to be the engine of change of the city into a service oriented city.

Introduction: Fluoride is one of the most important elements in the composition of teeth and bones. This element can enter the body via different ways. However, drinking water is the most important way to receive fluoride by a lot of people. An Increase in fluoride level in the body causes dental fluorosis and its absence leads to teeth decay. Standard rate of fluoride in drinking water is determined by the ambient air temperature. In general, standard level of fluoride in drinking water in winter, mainly due to less water consumption, is high, and in summer, due to more consumption of water, is not remarkable.Methods: In this study, fluoride has been determined in 4 groundwater and surface water resources on 1.5 year period. From each resource every month, 4 samples were obtained and analyzed according to SPANDS method.Result: Results shownd that fluoride concentration in SANANDAJ water resources (0.31 mg/l average) was less than the recommended standards. Fluoride concentration did not show significant differences in different water resources of this city (p-value>0.05).Conclusion: Fluoride levels in SANANDAJ drinking water are low. Therefore, according to cold climate of SANANDAJ and low Per capita water consumption in winter and low fluoride capture from other sources, fluorination of drinking water or using fluoride mouthwash are recommended to provide the required amount of fluoride for the people of SANANDAJ, especially the children.

As the urban development has overtaken the capacity and potentials of the governments and municipalities in extending the infrastructures and providing employment, informal settlements are quickly and irregularly increasing. Studies performed on the informal settlements in SANANDAJ (Kurdistan province) suggest that the majority of immigrations to the suburban areas of SANANDAJ are from rural areas and are resulted from economical and security concerns (during the imposed war of Iraq against Iran and insecurities within the province). Studies on comprehensive and detailed plans of SANANDAJ show that no better position has been considered for the low-income urban classes. In other words, they are missed in the studies. Also the demands of these classes for housing and the way these demands are supposed to be fulfilled have not been studied in the urban development plans. Therefore, one of the reasons that drive these low-income classes to the suburban areas of the cities and their settlement outside the area is attributed to the lack of attention to the demand for housing of these classes in developing formal plans.In addition to determining the most important structural problems in the informal settlements of SANANDAJ, using correlation matrix, the rate of correlation between indices has been studied in this paper and the results suggest that the first important problem in suburban areas of SANANDAJ is the usage of high amounts of low quality and inordinate materials in the construction of the buildings. The second important problem is low average area of residential parcels. Finally in this paper, the informal housing area of SANANDAJ is assessed, using SWOT technique.

The objective of the study is to investigate economic situation of strawberry producers in SANANDAJ. The research was carried out through a field survey and the data was collected by' questionnaire. The sample was selected by stratified random sampling method and data analysis was done by descriptive as well as analytical inference statistics such as analysis of variance and Duncan test. The results indicated that the majority of strawberry was produced in small farms in which the yields were higher than the large farms. However, the average variable costs of the large farms were less but their profit margin was higher than those of small farms. In order to increase producers' profits, several recommendations were made including appropriate marketing, improvement of irrigation techniques and improvement of the productivity of household laborers.

Along with the increasing public interest for recreational activities in the natural environment, the total urban green area per capita has been reduced during the recent years, resulted in an aerially-dense concentration of urban forest park users. Therefore, this study aims at conducting a suitability analysis for establishing plantation sites in a 10km buffer around the city of SANANDAJ (48145 ha) in Kurdistan, western Iran. Here, a set of relevant factors including the ecology, socio-economy and tourism were studies to identify potential plantation sites. The criteria were spatially mapped following the data analysis. Questionnaires were used for evaluating each geographical map, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was applied for pair wise comparison of the variables. Convenient weights were consequently assigned to each map based on the relevance of variables for establishing plantations. The final suitability map was derived by overlaying the maps of various factors in the Geographic Information System (GIS).The final map was evaluated and classified into five groups based on the finally-assigned values. The results included the regions with highest priorities which turn out to be more suitable for plantation establishment.