Rubber modification of styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN) COPOLYMER has been carried out using acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylate (ASA) structural rubber latex COPOLYMER particles with a rubbery acrylate core and a rigid SAN (30 wt% acrylonitrile, AN) graft shell. The melt flow and toughness of SAN COPOLYMER have been investigated in relation to core composition and particle morphology. The results showed that incorporation of rubber particles increases the torque equilibrium of the SAN COPOLYMER during the melt blending process. The lowest and highest torque values were obtained for the blend samples containing large core-shell and small hemispheric rubber particles, respectively. On the other hand, the highest impact toughness was observed for the blend sample containing ASA core-shell structured particles with P (BA-co-2EHA) core composition due to its lowest glass-rubber transition temperature (Tg). The TEM micrographs were indications of good dispersibility for the particles with raspberry and coreshell structures within the SAN matrix. Whereas, large particle agglomerates were observed for the blends containing hemispheric structural particles. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) results showed that the blends with core-shell particles possess a higher maximum tan d and lower tan d-curve broadening when compared to blends containing rubber particles with other morphologies. A good dispersion state of core-shell rubber particles in the COPOLYMER matrix resulted in a more homogeneous structure and a narrower tan  d curve.

Most polymer blends are immiscible and need to be compatibilized. Compatibilization can be accomplished either by addition of a compatibilizer or by reactive processing. Grafting has been the most common method for compatibilizing two immiscible polymers during reactive processing. In this work, the reactive blending of EPDM (ethylene- propylene-diene monomer) rubber and SAN (styrene-acrylonitrile) COPOLYMER was studied. The blends were prepared in an internal mixer with three types of organic peroxides as initiator. The effects of initiator type and concentration, EPDM content, and mixing sequences of components were investigated. Blends were separated to their structural components (i.e., SAN, EDPEM, SAN-g-EPDM, and gelled EPDM) which were then characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and SEM microscopy techniques. Mechanical properties including tensile and impact strength as well as elongation-atbreak were measured. From the three initiators used, the blends which have 2,5- dimethyl-2,5-di-(t-butyl peroxy) hexane as initiator show better mechanical properties. Also, SEM studies reveal a good compatibility for SAN/EPDM blends using this initiator. The blend using 40 wt% of EPDM of the mentioned initiator contains 16.24 wt% SANg- EPDM. Impact strength of the blends was affected by mixing sequences of the components. The Blends prepared by mixing sequences of SAN/initiator/EPDM show the highest impact strength of the order of 45 J/m.

In the present investigation, silica nanoparticles have been coated with poly (styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) COPOLYMER brushes synthesized via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). In the initial step, silica nanoparticles were functionalized with triethoxysilane-based ATR initiator, 6-(2-bromo-2-methyl) propionyloxy hexyl triethoxysilane. Successful formation of the covalent linkages between ATRP initiator and silica nanoparticles is further corroborated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface initiated ATRP of the styrene and the acrylonitrile mediated by a copper complex was carried out using the initiator fixed silica nanoparticles in the presence of a sacrificial (free) initiator. The polymerization is preceded in a living manner in all examined cases, producing nanoparticles coated with well-defined poly (styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) brushes with molecular weight in the range of 12-22 kDa. SAN-grafted silica nanoparticles were characterized using TGA which showed significant weight loss in the temperature range of 340-420oC confirming the formation of the polymer brushes on the surface with graft densities in the range of 0.109-0.190 chains/nm2. Successful formation of the SAN COPOLYMER brushes are further characterized by FTIR and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques. Differential scanning calorimetric studies revealed that the SAN COPOLYMER grafted onto silica nanoparticles exhibits higher glass transition temperatures than free SAN COPOLYMERs. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering studies revealed that the SAN COPOLYMER-grafted silica nanoparticles showed relatively fine dispersion in organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, when compared to bare silica nanoparticles.

Novel is deemed as one of the highly elevated literary genres with a unique rank in Arabic Literature which deals with realities of the present time depicting the real essence of life as portrayed in Ebrahim’s novel Altalasos. Ibrahim portrays the social milieu of Egypt in 1948 in his novel, challenging some contemporary issues of his day. Narration and language are among the most significant artistic devices which act as the unifying elements in any great work. This paper deals with the narrative aspect of the novel. Relying on a child’s narrative point of view and his connection with the environment and external characters the author pays attention to details with a unique investigation of language.

Suspension polymerization of styrene-acrylonitrile at 75oCunder atmospheric pressure was studied. To have COPOLYMER with azeotropic composition, it was found that 30%AN in feed is needed. Different grades based on different average molecular weights were synthesized and relative procedures discussed. Mixed initiators of lauryl peroxide and benzoylperoxide were used in presence of n-dodecylmercaptane (n-ddm) as chain transfer agent. It was found that for isothermal COPOLYMERization the optimum concentration of n-ddm is 0.1%.

In the present work, ethylene-propylene block COPOLYMER (EP90) and ethylene-propylene random COPOLYMER (EPR) were separated from a PP/EPR in-reactor alloy. The EP90 and EPR were then blended with neat isotactic polypropylene (PP) at various proportions to obtain ternary blends. The isothermal crystallization kinetics and morphology of the ternary blends were studied and were compared with those of PP/EP90 binary blend. It is observed that the Avrami exponent increases with crystallization temperature for all the blends, but the PP/EP90/EPR ternary blends compared to the PP/EP90 binary blend exhibit larger Avrami exponents. The crystallization rate decreases as the crystallization temperature increases, as it is indicated by the increase of crystallization half-time. At the same crystallization temperature, the PP/EP90 binary blend exhibits the slowest crystallization rate. The data of crystallization kinetics were also analyzed with Hoffman-Lauritzen crystallization regime theory. It is found that all the blends crystallize in regime III. The increase in the content of EPR in the ternary blends is followed by increases in secondary nucleation constant, the free energy of the chain folding surface, and the chain folding work. The blends were etched with xylene at room temperature and at 80°C to remove EPR and EP90, respectively, and their morphology was studied with scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The SEM results reveal that the block component EP90 is partially miscible with both PP and EPR, leading to increase in both domain number and domain size. Since both EPR and EP90 retard crystallization of PP in the PP/EPR and PP/EP90 binary blends, we speculate that the miscibility of EPR and EP90 can weaken the interference of EP90 on crystallization of neat PP.

Turk of mine saying SAN SAN (Reviewing the reflection of Turkish language and culture in Khā qā ni's Diwā n)Yousof Asqari Bayqoot Assistant Professor, Dept. of Persian Language and Literature, University of Jiroft AbstractThere is no doubt that part of poets and writers' imaginary motifs is influenced by their environment and geographical territory and it is somehow reflected in their literature. Writers and poets' susceptibility is more than others due to their subtle and sensitive spirits. Accordingly, the current research aimed to give answer to this question: Had Khā qā ni shirwani been influenced by language and culture of Azerbaijan, his living environment? The research showed that the environment and culture of Azerbaijan and its common language, namely the Turkish language, were reflected in various forms in Khā qā ni's; In addition to direct presence of thouSANds of Turkish words, allegories and ironies translated from Turkish, popular beliefs, Azerbaijan environment had serious impact on poet's works and had been the basis of creating many themes and poetic pictures, to the extent that without regarding this, part of Khā qā ni's literature in his Diwā n was not well interpreted and clarified. Key words: Khā qā ni shirwani, Azerbaijan, Language and culture, Turkish language, Susceptibility

The use of soil additives in the management and conservation of soil resources is becoming increasingly important. Examples of these additives, polymer materials which are in the category of COPOLYMERs based on acrylamide and acrylic acid due to ease of synthesis and availability of raw materials has attracted much attention. In this study, COPOLYMER based on acrylamide and acrylic acid was synthesized by chain polymerization in the water system. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the carboxylic acid and amide functional groups were successfully polymerized in the material. The amount of each component was measured by thermo gravimetric analysis. To calculate the negative charge density and molecular weight of samples, titration method and laser light scattering analyzer were used which showed soil stabilization with increment in negative charge density. The use of acrylamide monomer plays a major role in the COPOLYMERization to increase the molecular weight. Finally, soil loss was determined using 0.4, 0.6, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 gr/m2 of COPOLYMERs in water and solutions sprayed on the soil surface before implementation of artificial rainfall, also its continuity in 30min rainfall was studied.