Introduction: RICE HUSK (RH), the outer covering of RICE grains that obtained during the milling process, is one of the main agricultural residues. It mainly consists of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, silica and minor other mineral composition. Societies often dispose of the RICE HUSK waste using open burning that leads to environmental pollution and damages to the land and the surrounding area in which it was dumped.

Purpose To ensure the sustainability of RICE HUSK recycling schemes, there are essential conditions that should be considered. In this study, a system in which a fertilizer was obtained after RICE HUSK heat treatment, which also produces hot water as a heat recovery strategy, was considered, and its financial sustainability, based on different conditions in place, was then evaluated. Method Based on a previous study, three essential conditions that are necessary for the sustainability of the system were identified (i. e., free or low-cost RICE HUSK collection and hauling, production of silica in the amorphous state, and complete recycling of RICE HUSK ash). The necessity of these conditions was confirmed based on the sustainability of the financial balance of the system. Results A 24-h d-1 operated system is more profitable than one that is operated at 6-h d-1. The pelletizing process is costly; however, the fertilizer in the pellet form can be sold at a relatively higher pRICE. The system was unsustainable when RICE HUSK collection and hauling as well as ash disposal fees were charged. Conclusion Therefore, the cost of RICE HUSK collection, hauling, and ash disposal as well as the amorphous state of the ash were confirmed as conditions that are necessary to ensure the sustainability of a RICE HUSK recycling scheme.

In this study, the effect of chemical treatments of RICE HUSK flour on physical and mechanical properties of RICE HUSK flour/high density polyethylene composite was studied. RICE HUSK was milled and the particles passed through the 60 meshes sieve owas selected for treatment. Initially, dried RICE HUSK flour was subjected to chemical treatment with acetic acid and then, was mixed with high density polyethylene powder at the weight ratio of 60% filler loading in an internal mixer. After milling of mixed material, samples of composites were made by injection molding method. Physical and mechanical properties of treated RICE HUSK flour/high density polyethylene composites were compared to untreated composite and a composite including a PE-g-MA coupling agent (MAPE) that were produced by the same method. Dynamic Mechanical-Thermal Analyze (DMTA) of specimens in the temperature range of -50 to+150oC was taken and storage modulus and loss modulus were measured. FTIR spectra of chemical treatments of RICE flour HUSKs were also investigated to define the extent changes in the functional groups being studied. Results of FTIR indicated that the chemical treatment of RICE HUSK led to a change of OH group absorbance on 3436 cm-1 and a peak in the region of 1741 cm1 related to functional group of C=O. Results also indicated that all of properties of composites containing treated RICE HUSK flour with acetic acid were improved.

Purpose: RICE HUSK is one of the most widely available agricultural wastes in many RICE producing countries of the world. Here, we evaluated carrot production under different RICE HUSK-amended media aimed at providing alternative use for RICE HUSK. Methods: The experimental design was 2 × 5 × 4 factorial in completely randomized design with six replications. Factor A consist of two production environments— high tunnel and open field while factor B was five growth media— 5: 0: 0, 4: 0: 1, 3: 1: 1, 2: 2: 1 and 1: 3: 1 (topsoil: RICE HUSK: poultry manure). Factor C was four carrot varieties; ‘ Touchon’ , ‘ Amazonia’ , ‘ Carrot New Kuroda’ and ‘ Touchon Mega’ . Data were collected on seedling emergence and yield parameters. The analysed means were separated using FLSD( 0. 05). Results: The biomass yield from plants grown in high tunnel was significantly higher than plants in the open field. Highest root weight, wet and dry biomass yield were obtained from medium 4: 0: 1 followed by 3: 1: 1. Harvest index ranged from 32. 3% in medium 1: 3: 1 to 62% in 3: 1: 1. Days to seedling emergence among varieties ranged from 8. 5 to 11. 3. ‘ Amazonia’ variety produced the highest root weight, wet and dry biomass yield and was followed by ‘ Touchon Mega’ . Conclusion: Carrot seedling emergence and yield differed in RICE HUSK-amended media under high tunnel and open field environments. ‘ Amazonia’ variety grown in media 4: 0: 1 or 3: 1: 1 gave the best yield. Inclusion of RICE HUSK in media formulation beyond an optimum rate resulted in yield reduction in carrot. Carrot is sensitive to the physio-chemical properties of its growth medium.

In recent years, use of carbon-based adsorbents has increased in pollution reduction from aqueous solutions. Biochar is a carbon-rich porous material, with low costs, and environmentally friendly, which is prepared by pyrolysis of biomass. In this study, potential of RICE HUSK biochar to desalinate irrigation water with EC of 5, 15 and 25 dS/m was investigated. The effect of pyrolysis temperatures of 400 (RHB4), 600 (RHB6) and 800 (RHB8) on selected physicochemical characteristics and their desalination power was considered. The results showed that pyrolysis temperature has a significant effect on biochar properties. RHB6 with 301.1 mg g-1 desalination capacity was more efficient than the other biochars. This adsorbent had maximum surface area (211 m2 g-1) and total pore volume (0.114 cm3 g-1). The results of this study could open new horizons to manage the agricultural wastes and simultaneously reduce the cost of irrigation water.

One of the main goals of drying agricultural crop is reduction of the moisture content and obtain optimum moisture in order to get maximum storage time and reduction of crop losses in the processing stage. Regarding to new science application and different methods of drying, use of new methods such as drying with infrared ray is necessary to be studied. In this study in order to determine effect of air temperature at three levels of 40, 50 and 60 ° C and ultimate paddy moisture at levels of %7-8, % 9-10 and %11-12 (based on dry weight) on drying time and paddy HUSK percent of Tarom Hashemi was used rotary cylindrical drier of infrared in three replications. Besides, effect in three levels of temperature and moisture and two type crop of paddy and brown RICE on some mechanical properties of the dried paddy were determined by instron apparatus in five replications. The results indicated that the studied factors temperature and moisture had a significant effect on drying time. However, temperature and moisture factors hadn’ t significant effect on the HUSK present. Measurement of Mechanical properties of RICE paddy after drying indicated that among three factors: type crop (paddy and brown RICE), moisture and temperature; two factors of type crop and moisture were more effective on mechanical properties. The obtained results of the research showed that optimum temperature of drying and optimum ultimate moisture (based on dry weight) are 58/80 ° C degree and %7/5 and under such conditions optimum time of drying was 74/73 minutes so that HUSK percent, break time and force were %21/53, 4/12 sec and 33/91 N respectively, besides size of displacement up to break point was 0/37 mm.

Surfactants are one of the major components (10- 18%) of detergents and household cleaning products and are used in high volumes in developed countries. In the present research work, the ability of RICE HUSK as a low cost adsorbent for anionic and nonionic surfactants in wastewater has been studied.The maximum removal efficiency for anionic surfactants was 97%, in an aqueous solution that contains 10mg/lit sodium linear alkyl benzene sulphonate in pH 2 and for nonionic surfactants was up to 75% in an aqueous solution that contains 20mg/lit nonyl phenol ethoxylate in pH 6-7. The mechanism of surfactant removal by RICE HUSK was attributed to the physicochemical characteristics of RICE HUSK. In addition, the size of micelles and critical micelle concentration are two important factors in the removal yield.