Introduction: The World Health Organization estimates that the number of diabetics will increase from 130 million to more than 350 million by the next 25 years. Diabetes can rapidly lead to cardiovascular disorders and a variety of problems in the retina. The adverse effects of diabetes on retina are known as diabetic retinopathy (DR). In this connection, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the diagnosis of spot-shaped red color RETINAL pathologies, or HEMORRHAGES from RETINAL colored radiographs through electronic learning and computer, that is automatically, as early as possible.Materials and Methods: A set of 68000 pixels including 35000 hemorrhage and 33000 non-hemorrhage pixels were extracted from 85 colored RETINAL images. The morphological and Pixel level HEMORRHAGES recognition techniques were used to differentiate these images from other image structures. The RETINAL lesions were classified into hemorrhage and non-hemorrhage, using a classifier known as decision trees. Finally, the results obtained from this system were compared with those diagnosed by ophthalmologists.Results: In the testing stage, after extracting and classifying the 68000 pixels from RETINAL images using classifier decision trees formula, this method achieved 98% sensitivity, 97.14% specificity and 97.57% accuracy.Conclusion: The computer-aided diagnosis techniques, the morphological techniques, have a high efficiency and are more precise than the clinical techniques.

Introduction: Disorder in drinking, fluid deprivation, severe disabilities, increase in water excretion from kidney and non-kidney route and increase in salt consumption are the main causes of hypernatremia. The objective of this study was to determine ocular signs due to hypernatremia Method: 50 male Wistar rats, weighing 250 + 20 g were allocated randomly to 5 groups. Test groups consumed 2, 3, 3.5 and 4 percent salt concentrations respectively as potable water, control group used tap water; with similar living conditions for all groups. Ophthalmic examinations with slit-lamp and fundus camera were performed. Eye response to light and manuel stimuli was considered. This experiment with similar condition was done on pig and rabbit.Result: Short time using of 2% salt solution was not associated with fast and significant ocular changes but its prolonged use accompanied with vascular damage and other ocular signs. RETINAL and vitreous HEMORRHAGES were observed 3-4 days after drinking 3% and higher salt solutions followed by an increase in serum sodium level. Other ocular signs in test groups include: vitreous shrinkage, cornea and lens opacities, swelling of optic disc, blindness, vitreous collapse and finally phthisis bulbi.Conclusion: By hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity formation, vitreous lose some of its fluid contents and vitreous shrinkage lead to vascular damage, RETINAL and vitreous hemorrhage, and RETINAL detachment.Continuous hypernatremia brought conjunctivitis, corneal and lens opacities, swelling of optic disc, blindness, vitreous collapse and finally phthisis bulbi.

Electrocardiographic Repolarization Abnormalities(ECGRA) ;ST segment and T wave changes,QT prolongation and prominent U wave are common in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. These ECGRA have an effect on the rehabilitation and prognosis of the patients .This descriptive - prospective study was carried out in patients with thalamic, putaminal and temporal lobe HEMORRHAGES during a 19 month period at Emam Reza Hospital ,Birjand. The new ECGRA findings were compared with a recent ECG. Volume of hematoma was calculated by Broderick formula using brain CTScan. The relation between the hematomas volume and severity of ECGRA was tested by" Pearson " analysis .The correlation coefficient of hem atom a volume and severity of ECG RA in 14 thalamic, 18 putaminal and 8 temporal lobe hematomas were r=0/16,r=0,r=-0/2 respectively . Patients with small hematoma(less than 20 cubic centimeters) in thalamus had more sever ECGRA than those with putaminal and temporal lobe hematomas. The higher correlation coefficient between hematoma volume and ECGRA in thalamus is probably due to the effects of these hematomas on hypothalamic sympathetic centers.

Introduction: High bleeding due to hypolemia may cause early death. If injured persons hospitalized due to trauma, they may more likely to die. Methods for bleeding control include mechanical, heat treatment, drug therapy, or topical hemostats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of hemorrhage and their usages in all emergency bleeding cases (in the years of 2008-2019). In this study, relevant articles were collected and reviewed using keywords, local bleeding, clotting, trauma, emergency, bleeding and systematic check. The relevant articles were collected and reviewed. Currently, hemostatic materials can be used to control and reduce bleeding using a variety of mechanisms, including integration coagulation factors at one point, adhesion to tissues, and activation of coagulation cascades and so on. Some of these dressings are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Conclusion: The use of hemorrhagic bandages is one of the most important recent developments. Mineralbased HEMORRHAGES are better than other products in terms of mechanism of action. However, it is still not an ideal product. Research in this area should be given more attention.

Purpose: To present a case of gigantic idiopathic angioid streaks. Case Report: A young male presented with macular choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) and peripheral RETINAL HEMORRHAGES secondary to angioid streaks. Swept source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) and ultrawide field imaging were performed. The latter revealed extension of the angioid streaks up to the equator in both eyes. SSOCT showed breaks in the RETINAL pigment epithelium-Bruch’ s membrane complex in the area of peripheral RETINAL HEMORRHAGES. The patient was extensively worked up for systemic associations, and the only significant finding was a long history of steroid abuse in the past. Conclusion: Advanced imaging techniques helped to diagnose angioid streaks in this patient. The possible role of steroid abuse in accentuating the presentation of angioid streaks may be explored further.

Purpose: To report an Iranian patient with diagnosis of Oguchi disease associated with diabetic retinopathy.Methods: A 50-year-old diabetic woman with night blindness was referred to our clinic. Complete ophthalmic examination including ophthalmoscopy after dark adaptation and paraclinic evaluations such as fluorescein angiography and electroretinography were performed.Results: In the both eyes, RETINAL neovascuarizaion and preRETINAL HEMORRHAGES compatible with high-risk characteristic proliferative diabetic retinopathy were observed. In addition, a golden yellowish discoloration of posterior pole was noted in her both eyes. The diagnosis of Oguchi disease was made when this discoloration disappeared after dark adaptation for 3 hours.Electroretinograms also confirmed the diagnosis by showing a slow negative wave followed by a slow positive wave in the photopic condition and absent a- and b-waves in the scotopic state.Conclusion: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy may occur in a patient with Oguchi disease. This report represents this association in an Iranian patient for the first time.

Purpose: To determine the anatomic and functional results of giant RETINAL tear (GRT) surgery by using perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCL) and silicone oil (SO) tamponade.Materials & Methods: 20 eyes of 20 patients with GRT have undergone classic three port pars plana deep vitrectomy by using PFCL & SO tamponade by the authors during 1996-1999 periods in Farabi Eye Hospital. Five cases were related to high myopia, three had a history of penetrating trauma, five cases had blunt trauma, and in one case GRT occurred after cataract extraction. All the patients were followed for 2 to 36 months after surgery.Results: Anatomic success rate was 80% after one operation & 95% at the end of the study. Redetachment rate was not related to GRT extension or history of trauma, rather it was related to preoperative PVR. Better visual function (visual acuity of 5.200 or better) was seen in 17 patients.Conclusion: Pars plana deep vitrectomy by using PFCL & SO tamponade has a promising result in curing the GRT. PVR is the main factor for redetachment.

Introduction: Thromboischemic events contribute subs tantially to morbidity and mortality of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the incidence of neurologic and sys temic thromboischemic events in patients with acute nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage during the firs t 6 months after hemorrhage. Materials and Methods: In this randomized-cohort s tudy, we enrolled 203 patients with acute non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage admitted in the neurology ward of Zanjan Vali-e-Asr Hospital between January 2016 and September 2016. We recorded the risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, Smoking), initial neurological indices (Glasgow coma scale, ICH score, Hunt and Hess grading), and bleeding size in these patients. Patients were then evaluated 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage for the incidence of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic s troke. Results: 165 patients had intracerebral hemorrhage and 38 patients had subarachnoid hemorrhage. The cumulative incidence of thromboischemic events in an unselected intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage population was 31%. The overall incidence rates of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic s troke after 6 months of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage onset were 10. 9%, 5%, 10%, and 7. 4%, respectively. The mean time to the events was 145. 5 ± 5. 5 days. Conclusion: Age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atrial fibrillation were the significant independent risk factors for thromboischemic events. Age, higher ICH score, Hunt & Hess grade, and hemorrhage size >30cc have shown significant correlations with the development of deep vein thrombosis.