In Islamic societies research about religion and religiosity is of a prime importance. In this project investigators have explored factors of religiosity with reviewing verses in Quran, prophet's S. A) tradition, studying Islamic culture, and behaviors of people in Islamic societies. These factors have been used in developing a RELIGIOUS scale that can be used in psychological, and sociological, as well as mental health studies.The aim of this study was to explore components of RELIGIOUS attitudes that can be used in scale development. This study has the advantage of looking at the religion from the perspective of religion.The method of the study was descriptive-analytic, and the procedure included studying three categories of Qur'anic verses and traditions: a) key words dealing with religiosity b) description of RELIGIOUS individuals, and c) behaviors and perspectives that are not included in RELIGIOUSness.In exploration of indices of religiosity we found that three axises in RELIGIOUSness are very important: 1) Knowing and believing in what is necessary to faith.2) Having affection, toward God, his prophets, off springs of prophet Muhammad (S.A), acceptance of velayat (offering unconditional love to the prophet and his off springs).3) Moral behaviour, obidence of God, rituals, and avoidance of sin, and moral impurities. Therefore, extracted components are categorized in three dimensions: cognitions, belief system, affections and feelings, as well as behaviours. In the article, we have devoted spaces discussing these components and limitation of the project.

Encyclopedia of new RELIGIOUS movements edited by Peter B. Clarke provides a truly engaging and authentic view of the emerging RELIGIOUS movements on a background of the universe. This encyclopedia, containing 428 articles from leading academics, studies the remarkable examples of RELIGIOUS movements emerging in each continent. Clarke as an editor has written a higher income as "New Religions as a global phenomenon", a "Resource guide of NRM" and a useful article entitled "Typology of new religions" in this encyclopedia. This encyclopedia is a leading, research, updating, important, and valuable reference for academic libraries. However, the encyclopedia suffers from some disadvantages, among which we can refer to apparent contradictions in Index, the incidence of historical errors, print, etc., in its context and putting NRM identified with the Cults, sects, and counter-culture groups

The nemesis is of an antiquity among human society but its rules differ from the divine rules; because the human society has punished the convict without any special rule in past. In many cases there was not any relationship between the punishment and the crime.The divine religions had enacted special rules in order to make a relation between the punishment and the crime. The main goal of nemesis is to inhibit people to commit a crime.Did the nemesis have any effect on Arabic poetry and is there any related word in Arabic poetry?The present article attempts to find an appropriate answer for the raised questions.

RELIGIOUS TEXTS are divided into Quranic verses and hadiths of the infallible-innocent personalities. Disputing over comprehensibility of such TEXTS, Usulis have presented different opinions in this connection. Although Usulis’ disagreements concern both major and minor premises of that discussion, the present research deals only with the major premise. By the minor discussion is meant meaningfulness, and by major discussion is meant comprehensibility of those TEXTS. Usulis have presented different views all of which differentiate between various states. In the present essay, we firstly survey and analyze those views relying on an intellectual analysis as well as RELIGIOUS TEXTS, and then present the accurate theory, which is absolute and general comprehensibility of RELIGIOUS TEXTS, and its proofs. The chief achievement of this research is indication of incorrectness of differentiating between various states on the one hand and affirmation of theory of absolute, general comprehensibility of RELIGIOUS TEXTS on the basis of sources of the science of usul al-fiqh and opinions of Usulis on the other.

As Iranians became more interested in and attracted to understanding the philosophical and RELIGIOUS schools of thought after the revolution, many translations of important Western books and articles appeared on those schools. But these translations and their contents have encountered serious challenges. If those challenges are neglected we will experience a kind of misunderstanding of Western thoughts as well as some irrelevant cultural influences of those thoughts. In this paper, I will present some vulnerabilities of translation of philosophical and RELIGIOUS TEXTS; and focus on the necessity of seriously considering the hermeneutic foundations of these translations so that it will be possible to have suitable interpretation of the translated ideas.

RELIGIOUS TEXTS codify aspects of highly culture-specific characteristics which call for translation in favor of peace and freedom. Rendering RELIGIOUS TEXTS faces translators with non-indigenous difficulties both in linguistic and culture-specific aspects by and large. To come up with drawbacks in linguistic and problems, strategies and the theories inter alia. The dispute is not over the detraction of neither SL nor TL, but over the priviso that there are more than one choice at lexical level and above to choose from in translating each, with its ad hoc merits.

Intelligibility of the meaning, normality of the style, and naturalness of the language all are of prime importance in translated TEXTS, but they are not the only factors to be taken into account in evaluating a translation. The original text is considered as the keystone in assessing the accuracy and adequacy of a translated text. It may happen that a translation is clear and intelligible in its meaning, normal in its style, and natural in its language, but does not correspond to the original in the content of the message. That is, neither the intelligibility nor the naturalness of a translation is a sign of its faithfulness to the original. This study is an attempt to discuss the significance of accuracy, clarity and naturalness in RELIGIOUS translations in order to find out how much these criteria are important and influential in evaluating such translations.

In view of the significance of accuracy in translation of RELIGIOUS TEXTS, this paper briefly discusses the theoretical foundations of translation. Then two approaches toward translatability or untranslatability of RELIGIOUS TEXTS are introduced. According to the first approach, based on a belief that there exists a relationship between RELIGIOUS TEXTS and the divine revelation and that it is out of the reach and authority of humans to determine and manipulate the linguistic form of revelation, it is deemed impossible to translate RELIGIOUS TEXTS. Conversely, according to the second approach, as it is deemed necessary for all humans to understand the message of divine revelation and as the message of the divine revelation does not exclusively belong to the speakers of a certain language, it is inevitable to translate RELIGIOUS TEXTS.Relying on the arguments set forth by these two approaches, a third approach is proposed in this paper, trying to observe the requirements and limitations prescribed by these two contradictory approaches. According to this view, the so-called "conditional translatability of RELIGIOUS TEXTS", new definitions are provided for the "translator" of RELIGIOUS TEXTS, "readership" of translated RELIGIOUS TEXTS, "RELIGIOUS text" and its varieties.

Understanding the meanings of hadith words is of special importance. Referring to a dictionary is very useful, necessary and utilitarian. However, it is not sufficient. Dictionaries can not display all denotations and connotations of hadith words. Presenting some examples, the author of the present paper tries to demonstrate that we should not be content with meanings displayed by lexicographers in dictionaries. If so it will lead at least to some damages. Examining some methods of concept analysis of hadith words utilized in RELIGIOUS TEXTS covers other parts of this paper. Finally, he utilizes this method to look up the true meaning of some hadith words.

Recognizing the figures of speech in understanding RELIGIOUS TEXTS is of great importance. The infallibles are the great lecturers who expressed their views and beliefs through this channel, i.e., using figures of speech. if these figures of speech be violated or do not fully understand, misunderstanding of the sayings of infallibles will be happened.In this essay, the role of figures of speech in understanding the sayings of infallibles are reviewed and some examples especially from al-Kafi are given.