One of the forbidden things and damages in social and economic relations is shortchanging (taṭ fī f). Although shortchanging is of utmost importance in commercial and measurement DOMAIN, it also applies to practical, legal, worshiping, and moral DOMAINs. Any shortcoming in human right and failure in accomplishing social and religious injunctions are considered as shortchanging, which is forbidden in jurisprudence and Islamic Republic of Iran’ s law. Its DOMAIN includes various kinds of things sold (measurement, weighing, etc. in real and virtual space), failure in accomplishing practical and service commitment, spouses’ failure in performing their duties, and shortcoming in worshiping.

In Islamic traditional textbooks modal operators sometimes come before propositions, sometimes before the predicates and sometimes at the end of propositions. This makes the interpretation of modality in each case as de re or de dicto difficult. Given Ibn SVnÏ's discussion of and sensitivity to this distinction, in this paper by examining the position of modality in the contradictories and converses of modal categorical propositions as well as their positions in modal syllogisms I will try to find a reasonable answer to this important issue.

One of the main topics and issues current among contemporary religious scholars lies in explaining the DOMAIN of religion. Therefore, the problem of the present study is to explain the political scope of religion in Imam Khomeini's thought. As is known, a group of religious scholars consider the DOMAIN of religion limited to otherworldly affairs and agree with so-called religious restrictionism. In their view, the propositions of religion are focused on the happiness and goodness of the human in the hereafter world, while the formulation and organization of earthly affairs is not a part of religious mission. The present study, using a descriptive and analytical method, seeks to critique religious restrictionism with reliance on Imam Khomeini's political views and ideas, and based on the idea of comprehensiveness to need and educatin, support the view saying the realm of religion in all fields of human life.

In this research, ground motion analysis and site effect ground motion and site effect analyses were conducted in the south of Yazd city by using geotechnical data, down hole seismic profiles, strong ground motion and accelerograms with regard to changes in frequency. To estimate the soil non-elastic response and equivalent linear behavior of soil, an iterative loop was utilized. Non-linear behavior of stress-strain means shear modulus change in different ways. The maximum of acceleration records of ground motion in bedrock for a 475 years return period are used for this research work is 0.219 g. Taking the above mentioned return period into consideration, for this borehole the values of resonance frequency and alluvium resonance ratio were measured as 3.4 and 1.4, respectively. On the basis of average resonance ratios and frequencies obtained from all the models, the amplification of shear waves are intensified in frequencies 3 to 4 Hz with a an amplification ratio 1.6 Vs 30, mean is 360 m/s.

Introduction The purpose of establishing supportive interdict regulations is to protect the victims and physically and mentally handicapped presons in the concluded contracts. Minors are among those people, called interdict in law language; a legislator must protect minors against all individuals, though, forced guardian or trustee. Because of having legal capacity enjoyment, the wards would possess his/her own properties or legal rights, but, deu to lack of demanding the fulfillment of right, s/he has not the capability of its execution and the forced guardian, unnecessarily, has an option for decision making on behalf of the ward with regard to his/her financial and non-financial rights. But, this authority is not absolute and his guardianship has specific limitations. Observing begrudge and goodness on one hand and not existing corruption on the other hand would determine the DOMAIN authorities of the forced guardians. On of the most important assets of minors are their limbs. Human limbs are considered his/her assets under his/her ownership, a property that is of high importance due to saving human soul. Among various limbs owners, because of different reasons such as economic reason, organ health, lack of mental and physical power, and irresistibility, the wards have always been subject of greed for limb removal and transplanting. Conclusion The removing and transplanting wards’ limbs is not only contrary to human dignity and principle of supporting the disabled persons, but also includes no begrudge and goodness in the removal of their organs. In contrary, it causes hardship and destitution in minors’ future life and causing their physical and mental damage or loss is certain and obvious. It is necessary to observe the jurisdictional rule, “ No loss” . In addition, the legal principle of forced guardian, non-authority in minor’ s non-financial affairs, is generalizable to this condition. Sometimes, by establishing ethical restrictions, legislator has accepted such conditions and restricted the forced guardian’ s expansive authority’ s principles in some cases. Consequently, forced guardian does not have the authority to accept or confirm the action of ward’ s limb removal and transplanting, and in the case of agreement, it is considered a reason to depose forced guardianship, and also the limb removal contract is considered invalid.

The present study is going to illustrate the necessity of exempting the divorce from the private parties' agreement (control) and the important need of the assertion of legal mechanism to access to the specific legal norm in respect of this divorce. It will be suggested with the purpose of the protection of family institution as a social and ethical entity. The present study is a descriptive analytical research. Accordingly the researcher will describe the characteristics of the legal institution of divorce at first and then it will explain the different legal system's attitude to this respect. Afterward the prerequisites and the condition of the validity of this type of divorces in various times will be evaluated. Finally the ambiguity existed regarding to this issue in different legal system will be examined. A legal system in which the family as a social and ethical institution is protected by law will deal with the dissolution of this entity more sensitively and will prevent the inopportune divorces. Consequently this divorce cannot be leaved to the mere agreement of the married couple. This approach will not regard the dissolution of the family as a revocation of private contractor rescission and it will enter in the public DOMAIN. The Iranian legal system seems to accept such an attitude. It has not regarded the mere agreements of married couple as a sufficient condition for the termination of marriage contract.Since a lot of inopportune divorces which have been precipitately and unreasonably occurred in the first years after the marriage will threat the family institution, the appropriate law should prevent the adventitious and unreasonable termination of the marriage. As mentioned above the Iranian legal system, in spite of some vagueness’s, has accepted this approach and has limited the autonomy of the married couple in rescission of the marriage contract.

Let E be an elliptic curve over the finite field Fq, P a point in E(Fq) of order n, and Q a point in the group generated by P. The discrete logarithm problem on E is to find the number k such that Q = kP. In this paper we reduce the discrete logarithm problem on E[n] to the discrete logarithm on the group F*q , the multiplicative group of nonzero elements of Fq, in the case where n ï q - 1, using generalized jacobian of E.

Let D be an integral DOMAIN and * a semistar operation stable and of finite type on it. We define the semistar dimension (inequality) formula and discover their relations with *-universally catenarian DOMAINs and *-stably strong S-DOMAINs. As an application, we give new characterizations of *-quasi-Prufer DOMAINs and UMt DOMAINs in terms of dimension inequality formula (and the notions of universally catenarian DOMAIN, stably strong S-DOMAIN, strong S-DOMAIN, and Jaffard DOMAIN). We also extend Arnold’s formula to the setting of semistar operations.

This work deals with misfit angles which are observable in ferroelastic phase transition. In this paper the misfit angles are calculated for six different ferroelastic phase transitions, where there is only one possible misfit angle. We use spontaneous strain tensor and Algebraic and geom- etric approach observable in the calculation. This method can be used for all possible misfit angles and for all ferroelastic species are given.