Background & Aims: supracondylar humerus fracture is one of the most common pediatric elbow fractures accounting for about 16% of the pediatric fractures. Loss of REDUCTION is one of the complications after closed and percutaneous fixation. This research is aimed to investigate the factors involved in the loss of REDUCTION. Method: In this descriptive study, the children with supracondylar humerus fractures were examined. 175 children under the age of 10 with type 3 and 4 supracondylar humerus fracture fractures who underwent closed fixation and pinning were entered into the study. The studied factors were analyzed by a logistic regression method. Results: in this study 175 children under the age of 10 including 71 girls and 104 boys (59. 4%) with the average age of 5. 4± 2. 4 were investigated. In 153 cases, (87. 4%) the fixation was anatomical and stable during the follow-up; while 22 cases (12. 6%) had the loss of fixation. The most important anatomical disorder was internal rotation displacement in the medial distal part of fracture in these 22 cases. Pinning technique and obesity were among the effective factors in the failure of the anatomical REDUCTION. In a way that obese children (above 85 percentile or IBM>25) and the lateral pinning location were divergent but they crossed in the fracture site and were effective with odd ratios of 1. 3 (CI 95% 0. 8-2. 3) and 1. 8 (CI 95% 0. 9-2. 3), respectively. In 14 cases (63. 6%) the failure was due to the place of fracture cross and in 8 cases (36. 6%) the complication occurred in the obese children. The fracture type had no effect on the loss of REDUCTION as no difference was observed. Conclusions: Obesity and fixation technique are among the effective factors in the loss of REDUCTION in pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. In obese children, cross-suitable fixation should be considered to prevent complications.

Over the past few decades, computed tomography (CT) imaging has been one of the leading cross-sectional imaging techniques in a wide range of clinical applications in diagnostic radiology, oncology, and multimodal molecular imaging. Despite the recognized value of this imaging modality, the quality and accuracy of CT images can be compromised by a number of implants. The presence of metal objects such as dental fillings, hip or knee prostheses, heart pacemakers, war fragments, and spinal cages can cause severe image artifacts. These types of artifacts appear as black and white streaks in the CT images, obscuring the structures and tissues around the metal implant, decreasing the images' diagnostic values. Metal artifacts also affect the accuracy of radiation therapy treatment planning, which relies on X-ray images to determine electron density and estimate the relative stopping power of particles. Different algorithms for the Metal Artifact REDUCTION (MAR) have been proposed over the decades to address this issue. This study evaluated five commonly used MAR algorithms in clinical practice using simulated and clinical datasets. These algorithms include linear interpolation (LI_MAR) of the degraded data in the sinogram space, REDUCTION of metal artifacts by normalization method (NMAR), metal deletion technique (MDT), and Orthopedic metal artifact REDUCTION (OMAR), and a method based on iteration algorithms (MAP). Clinical CT images in different anatomical regions of the body, with different dimensions and types of metal implants, have been studied to evaluate the performance of the MAR algorithms. In order to quantitatively evaluate the quality of CT images corrected by the different MAR algorithms, the Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) metric was employed. The quantitative analysis demonstrated the overall superior performance of the NMAR algorithm in effective metal artifact REDUCTION compared to the other algorithms. The NMAR method exhibited relatively less signal distortion and reasonable processing time, making it a dependable solution in clinical practice.

Despite improvements in safety of plasma transfusion due to correct selection of the donors, performance of serological screening (HIV1-2, HTLV1-2, HCV, HBV, CMV, VDRL and TPHA) and nucleic acid testing (NAT) for HIV & HCV, some infectious transmissions, particularly virus transmissions still remain.These risks are due to the known major serologically screened viruses at the window period, unscreened viruses, undetectable viruses and also new, emerging, re-emerging, or mutated infectious agents resulting from the climatic, ecologic and sociologic changes and travels.In France, the estimation of risks for conventional virus transmission by blood labile products was performed by the health authority “afssaps” (J.Pillonel et all, 2009).

During the recent decades with increasing the use of assisted reproductive techniques including IVF, IUI and ovulation induction, the rate of multiple pregnancies has been increased worldwide. More than 30% of ART pregnancies are twins or higher-order multiple gestations (triplets or greater) a frequency 15- to 20-fold greater than with spontaneous conceptions. Because of the high cost of treatment and the relatively low success rate of such treatments (which is improving every day), a decision is sometimes made to implant several fertilized eggs.Many studies indicate that multiple pregnancies have negative impact on families’ emotional wellbeing and are associated with social and financial burden on couples.From 1980s, multifetal pregnancy REDUCTION has been introduced as an efficacious method to reduce fetal number and improve the survival of remaining fetuses.Since most of the fetal loss subsequent to embryo REDUCTION occurs several weeks after the procedure, an inflammatory response to dead fetoplacental tissue with releasing of cytokines and stimulation of prostaglandins might leads to fetal loss, uterine contractions and preterm labour.In a large multicentre study, improved outcomes were observed by multifetal pregnancy REDUCTION done by expert hands in terms of fetal loss and early prematurity.The most important complication of high order multifetal pregnancies (more than two) is preterm delivery ranging from 32% to 86% in different studies. In a recent study in Royan Institute report that fetal REDUCTION of triplets to twins leads to 4% increase in miscarriage rate and couldn’t be demonstrated any correlation with the initial number of fetuses and other outcomes such as preterm birth, gestational age at delivery and birth weight of neonates. In this study the extreme prematurity was more common in non reduced group compared to reduced group. As a consequence, the mean gestational age at delivery for reduced group was significantly higher than expectantly managed group and the average gestational length was 4 weeks longer in the reduced group. Furthermore, in the current study, the mean birth weights of neonates were higher in the reduced group than control group and the percentage of low birth weight infants (<2500 g) was significantly higher in the expectantly managed group. As prematurity is the most important cause of neonatal and perinatal deaths and subsequent handicap infants, prolongation of gestational age at delivery due to fetal REDUCTION could less the rate of deaths and handicap among survivors. But as ultrasound equipment improved and doctors gained technical expertise, the procedure triggered fewer miscarriages.Genetic diagnosis before REDUCTION is becoming more common, safe in experienced hands.The ultimate goal in prevention is to significantly reduce the likelihood that any multifetal pregnancy will occur, including twins.REDUCTION is hardly the only area in which reproductive innovation has outpaced cultural consensus.The justification for eliminating some fetuses in a multiple pregnancy was always to increase a woman’s chance of bringing home a healthy baby, because medical risks rise with every fetus she carries. Not only does the danger to the mother increase with more fetuses, but also the risk of miscarriage, ending the lives of all of the fetuses increases. Ultimate decision of patients depends on: extent of their religious and antiabortion sentiments, whether they medical-scientific careers, how proactive the advice from physicians has been.

Mental causation is the virtue that describes what mechanism in the mental state causes the physical state. The problem of mental causation is based upon the property of dualism. Type identity theory as REDUCTION physicalism and token identity as non-REDUCTION physicalism results in epiphenomenalism. Functionalism in comparison to causation is the concept of realization, but it ultimately confuses epistemology with ontology. Philosophers have failed to present a type of physicalism that does not result in epiphenomenalism. Physicalism is confronted with the dilemma that one side is epiphenomenalism and the other side is the resolution of metaphysical problem with the epistemological trick. To resolve this dilemma we need to go beyond physicalism, both REDUCTION and non-REDUCTION. We need to not think of physicalism as the most complete approach to answer the mindbody problem, which this paper attempts.

This article presents a network feeder reconfiguration in balanced distribution networks using Multi Verse Optimization (MVO) to optimize the total network power losses and reduce emissions by means of step by step switching. Reconfiguration is a considerable manner of altering the power flows through the lines from the main substation to load ends, while maintaining radial structure. The main objective of this paper is to solve feeder reconfiguration problem to reduce the total line losses and emission REDUCTION for an open loop distribution system. MVO is a population based method to resolve the network reconfiguration problem. A precise power flow solution is applied and the objective is formulated. A nature inspired Multi Verse Optimization is utilized to restructure the power distribution system and identify the optimal tie switches for lower line losses in the distribution network. The REDUCTION of resistive losses leads to REDUCTION of emissions. The suggested MVO method has carried out on two standard 16-node and 69-node distribution systems for normal load and overload conditions and results show the performance of the anticipated MVO method. The final outcomes prove a significant REDUCTION in real power losses and emissions.