Objective (s): The objective of this study was to document and explain bilateral differences in the Q ANGLE.Materials and Methods: Two hundred limbs of healthy adult Indian volunteers were studied. The Q ANGLE was measured using a goniometric method with the subjects supine, quadriceps relaxed and lower limbs in neutral rotation. The relative lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity with respect to the centre of the patella was measured. Appropriate statistical tests were used to determine the bilateral variability in the Q ANGLE and the lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity. Inter-observer variation of the above mentioned parameters were studied in twenty limbs.Results: The average Q ANGLE value of all the 200 limbs was 12.73oC; the mean value on the right was 12.86oC and 12.60oC on the left. When the Q ANGLE and the lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity were considered in pairs a significant difference was noted in males. The Q ANGLE value on the right side was more often greater than the left. The relative lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity showed a significant positive correlation with the Q ANGLE. The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.66 for the Q ANGLE and 0.8 for the lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity.Conclusion: The present study shows that bilateral variability in the Q ANGLE could be attributed to an alteration of the relative placement of the tibial tuberosity with respect to the centre of the patella.

Background and aims: Knee pain is one of common cause that patients refer to orthopedic clinics and has several reasons. One group is reversible and other is irreversible. Excessive Q-ANGLE composes of 10% causes of knee pain reasons and is recovered (90%) by physical therapy. This study was conducted for evaluation of correlation of knee pain with excessive Q-ANGLE and comparing both sexes and ages groups.Methods: 100 patients (50 men and 50 women) in a simple convenience study were enrolled in this research. Q-ANGLE and pain scale (VSA) were measured and then Q-ANGLE deviation in both sexes and ages groups analyzed using ANOVA, t-test. Spearman test with SPSS17 software.Results: The correlation between severity of knee pain and Q-ANGLE in general population and in both sex was significant using of Spearman’s test. There was no significant correlation between different ages and Q-ANGLE. There was significant relationship between Q-ANGLE in men and women (P<0.05).10% of men, 18% of women and 14% of general population refered to orthopedic clinic had Q-ANGLE greater than normal range.Conclusion: Higher level of Q-ANGLE in females might be related to anatomical differences and high level of estrogen, multiparity, malnutrition, genetical differences and exceesive activity, in females.

One of the meanings of the term Qī yā s in the works of the first centuries is the evaluation of narrations (especially Akhbā r Aḥ ā d) based on Quran, traditions and other evidence which for various reasons are sometimes interpreted as «Qī yā s» and therefore should not be considered as soon as it is seen in texts to mean the famous jurisprudential Qī yā s. It also seems that the issue of Qī yā s, especially among the Imamiyyeh, should be reconsidered, and perhaps, as Ayatollah Sistani has tried to explain the narrations and historical reports related to analogy, new interpretations of it can be presented and our understanding of the narrations may be transformed. This is while in the ‘ Usuli works of the Imamiyyeh, especially from the school of Hillah onwards, Qī yā s is sometimes mentioned as one of the criteria for evaluating the Aḥ ā d Akhbā r and also as one of the preferences in the case of the conflicting Hadith, and at least as a confirmation of Hadith and a part of «evidence collection».

Background: Patellofemoral pain syndrome is a descriptive term applied to patients with nonspecific anterior knee pain, and is the most common knee problem. The pain in most patellofemoral disorders is generalized to the anterior part of the knee. One important concept in patellofemoral joint function is the quadriceps ANGLE (Q-ANGLE). Theoretically, a higher Q-ANGLE increases the lateral pull of the quadriceps femoris muscle on the patella and potentiates patellofemoral disorders. This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between the anterior knee pain and Q-ANGLE.Methods: This prospective study was performed on two groups; the case group consisted of 100 outpatients (44 men, and 56 women) aged between 15 and 35 years, with anterior knee pain. The control group consisted of 100 outpatients (50 men, and 50 women) with the same age distribution, who presented with different problems in the upper extremities and no knee problems. The Q-ANGLE of each knee was measured in all participants, using a universal goniometer. Results: The mean Q-ANGLE for men, women, and all participants in the case group was 15.2, 20.1, and 18.0 degrees, respectively. In the normal control group the ANGLEs were 12.1, 16.7, and 14.9 degrees, respectively. All these differences were statistically significant (P<0.001).Conclusion: These results substantiate the fact that patients with anterior knee pain have larger Q-ANGLEs than healthy individuals.

Postural control and dynamic balance are essential in activities of daily living and for optimal performance in sport activity. The purpose of this study was to determine if excessive and normal knee Q ANGLE influence measure of dynamic balance in female athletes. Twenty females athlete with right dominant side participated in this study. 10 subjects with excessive knee Q ANGLE (Q>18), (age= 21.20±1.4 years, height= 163.5±4.5 cm, mass= 61±8.02 kg, Q ANGLE= 19.85±1.2 degree) and 10 subjects with normal knee Q ANGLE (13<Q<18), (age= 22.10±1.1 years, height= 165.5±6.02 cm, mass= 59.9±10.1kg, Q ANGLE= 15.35±1.4 degree) volunteered. The subject’s demography, medical and athletic backgrounds, exercise programs and their injury reputation were collected by special forms. The subjects reported no history of fracture in lower extremity or history of neurological or vestibular impairments. The rest of the information was measured through quantitative measuring and examinations so that measuring of Q ANGLE by standard drawing method and universal goniometry. The star excursion balance test was used to measure dynamic balance, which was reported as the reach distance (cm) in each of the 8 directions tested. The average of 3 trials of each measure was calculated and normalized to the subject’s leg length. The mean of reach distance in 8 directions in females with abnormal Q ANGLE (Q>18) were less than females with normal Q ANGLE. We found significant differences in anteromedial, poster lateral and anterior directions between two groups. Our results suggest that postural stability is affected by knee alignment under dynamic conditions.

Background and Aim: Changes in lower extremity alignment are considered as a risk factor for the injuries in this area together with Q ANGLE. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship and affecting anatomical factors of lower extremity alignment on the Q ANGLE.Materials and Methods: A total of 120 male students from Tehran University participated in the study and their lower extremity alignments were investigated in these factors: hip anteversion, internal and external rotation of the hip, valgus and varus of knee, hyperextension of the knee, tibia rotation, tibiavara, and arch index.Results: The results showed that the variables of plantar arch index, varus and valgus of knee, hip anteversion, and tibial torsion had maximum effect on the predicted value of the Q ANGLE (p£0.05) and the most influence was found to be respectively related to plantar arch index, anteversion of hip, tibial torsion, and varus and valgus of knee.Conclusion: The results showed that the changes in the lower extremity anatomical alignment can affect the amount of Q ANGLE. Among the variables studied, the plantar arch index was noted to have the greatest impact due to the influence of the three-point constituent of this ANGLE. Changes in this ANGLE can put the person at the risk of various injuries in the segments of the lower limb.