Background: Deltamethrin (DM) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that can elicit neurotoxicity, and lead to apoptosis. There is accumulating evidence that oleuropein (OE) has anti-apoptotic effect. This study aimed at determining the DM toxicity and anti-apoptotic effect of OE pretreatment in cerebellar PURKINJE neurons.Materials and Methods: Rats were randomly divided into four groups as follow: DM treated group (12.5 mg/kg; single dose), OE treated group (20 mg/kg per day), DM plus OE treated group, and vehicle group. Sections of cerebellum were taken 24 hours after deltamethrin injection and studied for histopathological and immunohistochemistry assessments.Results: Further characteristics of degeneration in PURKINJE neurons were observed in DM group compared with DM plus OE group. Compared with DM group (9.56±1.69), the positive staining for Bax in PURKINJE neurones decreased in DM plus OE group (2.99±0.50) but upper than OE (0.72±0.15) and vehicle (0.57±0.03) groups. Compared with DM group (0.50±0.05), the positive staining for Bcl-2 in PURKINJE neurons increased in DM plus OE group (3.29±0.18) but lower than OE (4.38±0.80) and vehicle (5.87±1.93) groups.Conclusions: Our results suggest that DM induces apoptosis in PURKINJE cells which is subsided by oleuropein.

Background and purpose: Minocycline is an antibiotic which has anti-inflammatory and anti-seizure properties. There is no reliable evidence on the effect of Minocycline on histological structures of cerebellar PURKINJE neurons. This study aimed at elucidating this effect in epileptic rats. Materials and methods This experimental study was conducted in 24 rats which were randomly divided into three different groups (n=8 per group). In groups I and II epilepsy was induced by pentylenetetrazole at 40mg/Kg. Group I was administrated minocycline at 25 mg/Kg whereas group II was given normal saline at 25 mg/Kg for two weeks. Group III was the control that received only normal saline. The rats were all deeply anesthetized and cerebellectomized. All removed cerebella were stained by APAF-1 (Apoptotic Peptidase Activating Factor-1)، then safe normal PURKINJE neurons were counted. Data analysis was done applying Dunnett test. Results Significant difference was seen in mean number of normal neurons between groups I and II and the control group (p<0. 001). Compared with group II، we observed a significant increase in mean number of normal PURKINJE neurons in group I (p<0. 01). Conclusion Treatment with minocycline was found to have protective effect on PURKINJE neurons in the cerebellum of epileptic rats.

Introduction: Ultrasound is a medical imaging technique for evaluation and assessment of body deep tissues such as spleen, liver, muscles, tendons, blood vessels, and their lesions. In addition, it is used in pregnancy. PURKINJE cells of cerebellum are largest cells in central nervous system which during growth and differentiation have high sensitivity to various factors, including environmental, genetic and chemical factors. Alcohol is one of the most common and most effective toxins that affect PURKINJE cells and reducing their number. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of the diagnostic ultrasound waves on number of cerebellar PURKINJE cells in the alcoholic rat cerebellum.Materials & methods: Six female Wistar rats were selected for matting. After childbirth, the newborn were divided into six groups including one control group and five experimental groups (Alcoholic group and two groups with 3 and 5 MHz ultrasound-exposed, and two groups with alcohol+ultrasound-exposed groups that were exposed to 3 and 5 MHz ultrasound waves). After animals scarification and preparation of tissue slices, PURKINJE cells of cerebellum were counted using Motic software. Statistical analysis performed using Tukey test and ANOVA variance analysis.Findings: The data showed that consumption of alcohol significantly decreased the number of PURKINJE cells of cerebellum and diagnostic ultrasound waves compensate this reduction and significantly increased the number of PURKINJE cells.Discussion & Conclusion: according to results ultrasound waves as noninvasive method can compensate number of cerebellar PURKINJE cells that have been decreased by alcohol, and can be a new strategy for the treatment of cerebellar disorders during the development.

Introduction: Multiple studies have been shown neuroprotective effect of Gallic acid (GA) as a potent anti-oxidant substance. Furthermore, Trimethyltin (TMT) is a methylated organotin compound which induces neuronal degeneration in the brain of human and rodents. This study examined the effects of GA on wet weight of the cerebellum, cerebellum to total brain weight ratio, and PURKINJE cells number in lobule IV, V, and VI in the brain of TMT-intoxicated rats.Materials and Methods: Fifty adult male sprague dawley rats were divided into five groups; control, TMT+Saline group received saline after TMT (8 mg/Kg/BW) intoxication as well as TMT+GA50, TMT+GA100 and TMT+GA200 groups. Animals received GA 50, 100 and 200 mg/Kg body weight seven days before and seven days after administration of TMT.Finally, through transcardialy perfusion, the rats were sacrificed and the weight of total brain and cerebellum was measured and then histopathological analyses were conducted.Results: The wet weight of cerebellum were significantly decreased in TMT+Saline group compared to controls and increased in GA-treated rats compared to TMT+Saline group. However, the average cerebellar to total brain weight ratio was not differed in different groups. The number of PURKINJE cells in the specific folia was significantly increased in the GA-treated rats in comparison to that of the TMT+Saline group.Conclusion: Our data indicate that GA reduced TMT toxicity and associated cerebellar damages possibly via its antioxidant and neuroprotective properties.

Background & Objective: Pathophysiological and atrophic changes in the cerebellum have been proven one of the reasons for embryonic stress in Parkinson's patients. Without compensatory activity, such abnormalities can have widespread effects on the motor and non– motor movement of these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the pre– treatment effects of aerobic exercises on PURKINJE cells of cerebellum in Parkinson's rats with fetal stress. Methods: The research method was experimental. A total of 40 pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups with and without stress. The stress– related group was subjected to immobilization stress from day 8 to 21 for 3 hours each day. A total of 26 neonates with prenatal stress and 26 neonates with prenatal stress (30 days old) were randomly assigned to groups. There was eight groups including control group 1 (without perinatal stress, motionless, healthy, n=6), sham group 1 (without perinatal stress, motionless, n=6), sham group 2 (with perinatal stress, motionless, n=6), experimental group 1 (without perinatal stress, treatment, motionless, n=6), experimental group 2 (without perinatal stress, treatment, treadmill exercises, n=8), control group 2 (with perinatal stress, healthy, without activity, n=6), experimental group 3 (with perinatal stress, treatment, no activity, n=6), experimental group 4 (with stress perinatal, treatment, treadmill exercises, n=8). Aerobic training groups performed aerobic exercises on the treadmill five days a week for 8 weeks. In order to introduce animals with treadmill and minimize the stress of rats, they were practiced extensively on the treadmill for 3 days before the start of the protocol (3 days, 10 minutes, speed 12 meters per minute). Animals were reluctant to run on treadmill during the introduction. The main training program was progressive and included a 25– minute ran at speeds of 15 m/min in the first week and 64 minutes ran at a speed of 22 m/min in the eighth week. To create the Parkinson's model, the substantia nigra was destroyed by injecting 5μ g of 6– hydroxy dopamine solution into the substantia nigra. Three weeks after surgery and Apomofin rotation test, animals sacrificed and the brain extracted from the skull, and after the procedure, tissue passage, cutting and staining, the number of cerebral pourkingia cells counted using a microscope. To normalize the distribution of dependent variables from Shapirowilk and assume the equality of variances, Levin test and one– way variance for intergroup change were used. Results: Perinatal stress caused a significant decrease in the number of pourkingia cells. Therefore, the number of control cells in the control group was significantly lower than the control group without stress (p<0. 001). However, there was no significant difference between the control and sham groups without stress and between control and sham groups with stress (p<0. 001). Injection of 6– OHDA poison reduces the number of Parkinson's cerebral pourkingia cells And the mean number of pourkingia cells in the Parkinson's with stress and Parkinson's without prenatal groups was lower than the mean number of pourkingia cells in the control groups (p<0. 001). This decrease was observed in Parkinson's group with prenatal stress (p=0. 011). Parkinsonian groups with stress and no stress+aerobic training showed a significant increase in the number of porcini cerebellar cells, which showed a significant difference at the level (p<0. 001). Prenatal stress also reduced the beneficial effects of exercise on the number of pourkingia cells in the cerebellum (p=0. 017). Conclusion: Prenatal stress seems to significantly reduce the number of Parkinsonian rats' pourkingia. Aerobic exercises have reduced the negative effects of prenatal stress and the reduction of the negative effects of Parkinson's on the changes in the pourkingia cells of the cerebellum. The results of the beneficial effects of aerobic activity on the protection of pourkingia cell cells in Parkinson's patients show prenatal stress.