Background: The literature speculates that there may be a relationship between cognitive capacities and levels of fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), which has been under reported. This study has investigated one aspect of cognition by evaluating the association between PROBLEM-SOLVING ability and the severity of fatigue. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was used to investigate the association between levels of PROBLEM-SOLVING ability and degrees of fatigue severity. Eighty-five participants living in the city of Shiraz, Iran, completed Cassidy PROBLEM-SOLVING Inventory (PSI) and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Pearson’ s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to analyze the data. Results: PROBLEM-SOLVING was inversely associated with fatigue (r =-0. 381, P = 0. 009), whereby higher levels of PROBLEM-SOLVING ability were associated with lower degrees of fatigue. Conclusion: The results of this study contributed to the ongoing debate about the linkage between cognition and fatigue in people with MS, suggesting an association between PROBLEM-SOLVING ability and fatigue severity. A possible implication would be the importance of PROBLEM-SOLVING training for people with MS.

Language SKILLs, which in the terminology of teaching languages are called the main, basic and classic SKILLs, are categorized as the four following SKILLs: Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing. Other SKILLs like Visual SKILL, (Inter)cultural competence, Critical Thought, Translation and Bilingualism as the Fifth SKILL have newly been discussed in the field of teaching languages. Mentioning these SKILLs based on their initial sources can explain that the four classic SKILLs are not so sufficient for learning languages. The fifth SKILL although not a substitute for the classic SKILLs, is a necessity in order to command a Language. In the present article, besides a terminological analysis of this SKILL from different points of view, the cultural dimension of the Fifth SKILL and the necessity and importance of it in the physical and virtual platform are discussed.

Introduction: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders, and its treatment is very important. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) based on Dugas' model focuses on the causative agents of this disorder. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of CBT based on Dugas' model on negative problem orientation and PROBLEM-SOLVING in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Materials and Methods: In this study in 2020, 30 patients with GAD diagnosis were selected by multi-stage cluster method from psychological clinics in Isfahan, Iran. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 12 sessions of 90-minute CBT based on Dugas' model. Due to the drop in sample, 24 subjects in the pre-test and post-test stages fulfilled Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Negative Problem Orientation Questionnaire (NPOQ), and Heppner Problem Solving Inventory (PSI). Finally, the results were analyzed using the SPSS-21 and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: The results of MANCOVA showed that there was generally a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the variables of negative problem orientation and PROBLEM-SOLVING (P< 0. 01). Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral therapy based on the Dugas' model, is effective in improving negative problem orientation and PROBLEM-SOLVING in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.

The aim of this research is studying the effect of model SKILL level on acquisition, learning and transferring of motor SKILL with an emphasis on the similarity or non-similarity of pattern. Therefore 40 boys and 40 girls in a range of 9 to 11 years old were selected and according to the results of pre-test have been arranged in 8 groups (1: a pervasive pattern of boys with boy master, 2: inclusive male with beginner male pattern, 3: inclusive of SKILLed male with SKILLed female pattern, 4: male pervasive with beginner female pattern, 5: female pervasive with SKILLed male pattern, 6: female pervasive with beginner male pattern, 7: female pervasive with SKILLed female pattern, 8: female pervasive with beginner female pattern) and they were tested by free throw basketball. The results showed that the effects of the gender pattern in the acquisition, learning and transferring are not seen. The beneficial effects of model SKILL level are seen in all results; however, the effect of gender pattern was not seen- but the inclusive model for advanced learning (in both genders) gives the best results.

Introduction: Unsuccessful tracheal intubation is considered the most common cause of anesthesia death or brain damage. This study delineates our experience recommending modifications in the cricothyroidotomy technique.Methods: Thirty emergency medicine residents of participated in a study performed on the human simulator moulage in SKILL Laboratory of Tabriz University of Medical Science. The cricothyroid membrane was punctured using a 16-gauge cannula. Later, J guide wire was advanced into trachea and standard 16-gauge intravenous cannula with a removable needle stylet withdrawn after the puncture being dilated by a dilator. Consequently, a cuffed tracheal tube (ID=6) was introduced from the foramen.Results: From 30 residents, 18 residents performed cricothyroidotomy within 1 minute, 7 residents in 2 minutes and 5 residents failed to fulfill the procedure.Conclusion: Several studies using cadavers and human simulators have demonstrated the pre-hospital feasibility of this technique. However, descriptions of clinical pre-hospital experience with percutaneous cricothyroidotomy are limited. This study shows that SKILL lab may help residents to acquire techniques required in management of difficult airway.