Recently it has been reported, that immunoglobulin Y (IgY) can be used instead of polyclonal antibodies extracted from mammals (IgG) for the purpose of diagnosis and therapy. These antibodies are found to have better properties in terms of specificity and ease of large-scale production. In addition, IgY binds neither to mammalian complement or Fc-receptors nor does it interfere with rheumatoid factors (RF), which has proven to be advantageous in many immunological tests. Proteinase 3 (PR3), a constituent of azurophil granules of neutrophils, is the target antigen for most anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA) in WeGENEr granulomatosis (WG). Capture ELISA was found to be the method of choice in case of c-ANCA determination for the diagnosis and management of WG. However, in this method, the reaction of RF with the Fc portion of IgG in capture ELISA leads to false positive in the assay of c-ANCA and is found to be the most important short-comings of available diagnostic immunochemical tests using mammalian antibodies. To avoid such unwanted interactions, laying hens were inoculated with PR3, and IgY was purified from egg yolk by acidic extraction with chloroform. The aqueous phase was treated with sodium sulphate and the precipitate collected, was dissolved in buffer and was purified using a T-gel chromatography method. The prepared IgY-anti-PR3 was used to set up a capture ELISA. Our results showed that the prepared IgY-anti-PR3 had good titer (1µg/ml in a coating system) and specificity. Hence, IgY based immunoassay would be a useful alternative to mammalian IgG antibody used in PR3 immunoassays.

Philadelphia chromosome can be founding 95% of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) by cytoGENEtic studies. The fused bcr/abl is transcribed in two types of chimeric mRNA. RT-PCR amplification of these two transcripts have been designed to give two different size products. This assay can detect one positive bcr/abl expressing cell in a back ground of 106 negative bcr/abl cells. The power of this assay is the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) between 6-12 months following bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an independent and significant factor that predicts the relapse in future. The aim of optimization was to detect β2 microglobulin (β 2M) mRNA. Detection of β2 mRNA and absence of bcr/abl indicates that the patient is negative for MRD and as a result, there is molecular remission in addition to clinical remission. To monitor MRD we tested a patient's blood sample who had tolerated allogenic BMT 7 years ago. bcr/abl wasn't detected in this patient and only β2 M was observed. This result confirmed the absence of MRD in this case. To effectively monitor minimal leukemic activity after BMT, we used a competitive RT- PCR to quantify expression of the characteristic bcr/abl fusion GENE mRNA in patients with CML.    

Background and Objective: Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) with positive Cytotoxin associated GENE A (CagA) have higher potential for pathoGENEsis. Cytotoxin associated GENE A (CagA) accelerate the pathoGENE city of bacteria due to cytotoxin production stimulation. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the anti-CagA antibody among H. pylori infected persons in Golestan province-North of Iran.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 676 H. pylori positive subjects in Golestan province, northern Iran during 2008. Anti CagA antibody were determined in H.pylori positive subjects. Data analyzed by SPSS-16 software and chi-square test.Results: Prevalence of anti CagA in Helicobacter pylori infected cases was 57.7% (390 cases: 179 males and 211 females) (95% CI: 53.9-61.4). According to age the highest and lowest cases of anti CagA antibody were seen in, 15-24 (63.4%) and under 5 years old (26.3%). The level of anti CagA antibody in Sistanian ethnicity group (67.2%) was more than other ethnic group. Anti CagA antibody in Rural area was more than urban regions. Sero prevalence of anti CagA antibody was highest in Minudasht twon (78%), located in East of province in comparison with Bandar Gaz (44%) in west of provinceConclusion: This study showed the prevalence of CagA positive Helicobacter pylori strains in this region is similar to other regions of Iran, Asia and Europe and higher than African population.

Background & Objectives: Spleen largest lymphoid organ in the body and its role is blood filtering, strengthen the immune system, storage and hematopoiesis. Trauma, congenital pathologic is the indications of splenectomy. The aim of this study was evaluation 10 years splenectomy indications in Children's Hospital of Tabriz.Material and Methods: In a retrospective and descriptive study that performed on the children who underwent splenectomy in Tabriz Children's Hospital, the indications of splenectomy in these children evaluated.Results: 34 of studied children were boys and 35 of studied children were girls. Mean age of boy children was 99.20 ± 42.77 months and the mean age of girl children was 125.42 ± 35.24 (P=0.007). Major beta-talassemia in 23 cases was the most common indication for splenectomy in studied children. Spleen size in 22 children was normal and in 47 children spleen size was great. Platelet drop in two cases, port vein thrombosis in 3 cases, heard failure in two cases, sepsis, recurrent meningitis, sepsis and CVA in one of the studied children were postoperative complications in children underwent for splenectomy. Only seven cases of studied children had died after surgery that two cases of mortality causes was heart failure due to talassemia. In our study, trauma in 3 cases (4.34%) of the studied children was the splenectomy indications that one of these children had died.Conclusion: Major beta-talassemia, hereditary spherocitosis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura were the most common causes of spelenctomy in the studied children and in our study, 5 of children with talassemia were died that 2 causes was heart failure due to talassemia, 2 cases due to port vein thrombosis and one case due to CVA. Postoperative complication rate was 23.18% and risk of infection and sepsis in our study was 3.07% and also the mortality rate in our study was 10.1%.

Introduction: Disorders in the expression of any GENE effective in spermatogenic pathway is known as a probable cause of non-obstructive azoospermia and male infertility. The way responsible GENEs for sperm motility are expressed can considerably affect male fertility. Recent studies show that TSGA10 GENE is effective in the natural process of spermatoGENEsis as protein produced by this GENE in mouse results in the production of the main structure of sperm tail. Up to now, no comprehensive studies have been done on the way this GENE is expressed in the infertile's testical tissue.Materials & Methods: In this study, TSGA10 mRNA expression in testicular samples of 84 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia was investigated by semi-quantitative nested RT-PCR in Avesina Infertility Clinic during 2005-6. Moreover, expression levels of TSGA10 during spermatoGENEsis were evaluated using Johnsen's method for histopathologic scoring of the samples. For statistical analysis, SPSS software (Version 11.2) was used. The difference between GENE expressions was done based on quantitative variables by the use of t-test and covariance analysis and α<0.05 was regarded as a statistically significant value.Results: Testicular TSGA10 mRNA expression was observed in 31 patients, (36.9%), with non-obstructive azoospermia which it had a statistically significant correlation with spermatoGENEsis progress (p<000.0). Histopathologically, the GENE had been expressed in patients with higher Johnsen's score of spermatoGENEsis while a lack of expression was seen in all of those with Johnsen's score less than 4.5.Conclusion: The findings indicate that TSGA10 is expressed in human testis and it is restricted to germ cells. It seems that lack of TSGA10 expression may have negative effects on spermatoGENEsis and on male fertility. On the other hand, determination of the timing of GENE expression in a certain level of spermatoGENEsis may also be used to determine levels of spermatoGENEsis in azoospermic patients alongside histopathological findings.

Background &Aim: It is not well established that why certain parts of gingiva are more susceptible to some kind of periodontal diseases, since these regions are adjacent to the foramen of some nerves and paths, and regarding to the important role of neuropathies in inflammation. On the other hand, it was shown that SP and CGRP have some role in periodontal diseases, so the aim of this study was to determine the correlation between concentration of SP and CGRP and different regions of human clinically healthy gingiva.Methods & Materials: For this analytical study, 17 gingival samples from first maxillary incisor and first molar regions (case group) and 23 gingival samples from other regions (control group) were collected. Tissue samples were cultured for 72 hours. Then EIA was used for detection of SP and CGRP in supernatant fluids. Statistical analysis was made by Mann - whitney U test and Spearman's correlation coefficient tests.Results: Both SP and CGRP were present in all samples. There was also significant difference between different gingival regions regarding to CGRP concentration so its concentration was lower in first molar regions (P≈0.023). We could not find any significant difference between different regions regarding to SP concentration.Conclusion: It is suggested that SP and CGRP probably participate in the regulation and maintenance of gingival health and based on the lower concentration of CGRP in the gingiva of upper and lower first molars, it could be suggested a possible cause for susceptibility of these regions to some of oral diseases such as localized aggressive periodontitis.

Proteinase 3(PR3) is a human polymorphonuclear leukocyte serine proteinase and is the main target antigen for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) found in WeGENEr's granulomatosis (WG). Wedevefoped a stable expression system for conformationally intact recombinant PR3 (rPR3) in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-cells). The part of PR3 cDNA that encoded the active form of PR3 was selected by using appropriate primers, and a signal sequence was also added in front ofPR3 cDNA. The signal sequence- PR3 (S-PR3) was cloned into the pME 18 expression vector and the result product was electroporated into E. coli (DH5 a strain). After isolation and purification, the presence of pMEI8-S-PR3 was confirmed by using appropriate restriction endonuclease and agarose gel electrophoresis. The pME18- S-PR3 was electroporated with CHO-cells and the presence of rPR3 was tested in culture medium after 10 days. There was 12 ng/mL rPR3 in culture medium that had activity and was recognized by ANCA in ELISA.

Plants are continuously exposed to a broad range of environmental stresses. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) is found to be seventh major world food crop widely attacked by several pests including a GENEralist herbivore, Tetranychus urticae Koch. We investigated the transcriptome signature of some GENEs (two Pathogen Related Protein (PR3 and PR4), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), Lipoxygenase (LOX), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and (E)-β-ocimene synthase (OS)) in four common bean accessions which have been previously recognized to be resistant to Tetranychus urticae (two varieties with the highest degree of resistance, i. e. Naz and Ks41128, and the two varieties with the lowest degree of resistance, Akthar and G11867) in response to single stress (only T. urticae infestation) versa dual stress combinations (moderate drought stress and T. urticae infestation). Drought pretreatment significantly modified the transcriptome signature of some Phaseolus vulgaris varieties infested with T. urticae. The obtained results addressed for the impact of combined stresses at the transcriptome level, with some GENE expression (PAL in Naz, Akhtar, LOX in Naz and Akhtar, PR4 in Akhtar and Ks41128, PR3 in Ks41128 and OS in Ks41128 and G11867) increasing after multiple stresses but not after single stress. Drought stress could alter the GENE expression pattern in genotypes regardless of their resistibility/susceptibility to the spotted spider mite. Collectively, the results highlight the complex nature of multiple stress responses and that common bean varieties responses to multiple stresses are complicated as well as unpredictable.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that has remained a persistent pathogen, causing infections such as endocarditis and toxic shock syndrome in humans. The accessory GENE regulator (agr) system of Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for controlling the expression of many GENEs that code virulence factors and hemolysis. This study was carried out to determine the S.aureus agr group based on their source of isolation and any relation between agr specificity groups, pigmentation and hemolysis.Materials and Methods: DNA of 194 S. aureus isolates were extracted by lysozym-phenol chloroform method, included 85clinical samples, 58 samples which isolated from nose of health care workers and 51 cases obtained from food product in Gorgan, North of Iran. PCR-based assays were used to evaluate agr locus nucleotide polymorphism for the identification of agr specificity group.Pigmentation on nutrient agar medium and hemolysis on sheep Blood agar medium were assessed.Results: The majority of isolates belonged to agr group I (43.3%), followed by agr group III (28.87%), agr group II (22.68%), and agr group IV (5.15%). The isolates belonged to agr group IV have greater ability to produce hemolysin (% 60) whereas isolates belonged to agr group III have greater ability to produce pigment (% 60.5).Conclusion: agr group I was predominant among health care worker and food product specimens in Gorgan, North of Iran but in strains isolated from patient, agr group III was predominant.Investigation of the possible role of agr group III in Staphylococcus aureus infection in the next studies is recommended.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a system within living cells that helps to control which GENEs are active and how active they are. Two types of small RNA molecules-microRNA (miRNA) and small RNA interference (siRNA)-are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of GENEs, and these small RNAs can bind to specific other RNAs and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing a messenger RNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic GENEs–viruse and transpose–but also in directing development as well as GENE expiration in GENEral. RNA interference is now a widely used biology research technique that can be applied to both cultured cells and whole animals. RNA interference can be used to selectively reduce the level of expression of a specific protein. Clues to the function of the protein can be obtained by observing changes in cell or organism behavior after knockdown of expression in GENEral.